Sceptrian: Difference between revisions

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{{Construction}}
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'''Sceptrian''' ('' lushar'' or ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]].  
'''Sceptrian''' (''batop lushar'' or ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]].  


==History==
==History==
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|   
|   
| '''h'''<br />x
| '''h'''<br />x
|  
| '''h'''<br />ç
| '''h'''<br />h
| '''h'''<br />h
|-
|-
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*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/.
*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/.
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/
*Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels




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Abstract, animate and inanimate which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, ''k'', ''i'' and ''éi''.
Abstract, animate and inanimate which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, ''k'', ''i'' and ''éi''.
*Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel ''a'', ''ó'' or ''i''. Those ending with ''i'' lack all the plural forms.
*Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel ''a'', ''ó'' or ''i''. Those ending with ''i'' lack all the plural forms.
*Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (''f, th, s, sh, h''), nasal (''m, n, ng'') or vowel ''u''. Mass nouns appear with nasal endings.
*Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (''f, th, s, sh, h''), nasal (''m, n, ng'') or vowel ''u''. Mass nouns, such as meat, milk and food, have nasal endings.
*Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (''p, t, k'') or consonant ''r''. Inanimate mass nouns appear in the ''r''-ending group which also lacks plural forms.  
*Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (''p, t, k'') or consonant ''l''. Inanimate mass nouns, e.g. sand, salt and water, appear in the ''l''-ending group which also lacks plural forms.  


====Declension====
====Declension====
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*Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative)
*Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative)
*Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections
*Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections
'''Possessive affixes''' mingle with the cases


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Classes and declension
|+ Classes and desinences
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" style="width: 100px"|   
!rowspan="3" style="width: 100px"|   
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|-
|-
! style="width: 100px"| Absolutive
! style="width: 100px"| Absolutive
| A || Asl || i || F || (ə)lF || N || Ninl || u || ush || P || Pl || r
| A || Asl || i || F || (ə)lF || N || Ninl || u || ush || P || Pl || l
|-  
|-  
! style=""| Ergative  
! style=""| Ergative  
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fel || Neen || Nenl || uu || uush  || Pee || Ple || re
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fel || Neen || Nenl || uu || uush  || Pee || Ple || le
|-
|-
! style=""| Dative  
! style=""| Dative  
| Ak || Akl || ik || Fi || Fil || Ni || Nil || uji || uwi || Pei || Plei || rei
| Ak || Akl || ik || Fi || Fil || Ni || Nil || uji || uwi || Pei || Plei || lei
|-
|-
! style=""| Possessive  
! style=""| Possessive  
| Ar || Aŕ || ir || For || Foŕ || Nor || Noŕ || ur || uŕ || -N || PoN || ron
| Ar || Aŕ || ir || For || Foŕ || Nor || Noŕ || ur || uŕ || -N || PoN || lon
|-
|-
! style=""| Instrumantal-comitative  
! style=""| Instrumantal-comitative  
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|-
|-
! style=""| Lative  
! style=""| Lative  
| AgA || AglA || iki || Fko || Fklo || Nongo || Nongo || ugu || uglu || Póo || Plóo || ro
| AgA || AglA || iki || Fko || Fklo || Nongo || Nongo || ugu || uglu || Póo || Plóo || lo
|-
|-
! style=""| Locative-temporal  
! style=""| Locative-temporal  
| AkhA || AlkhA || ikhi || Fku || Fklu || Nongu || Nongu || ukhu || ulkhu || Pu || Plu || ru
| AkhA || AlkhA || ikhi || Fku || Fklu || Nongu || Nongu || ukhu || ulkhu || Pu || Plu || lu
|-
|-
! style=""| Ablative  
! style=""| Ablative  
| ApA || AplA || ipi || Fpo || Fplo || Nop || Nopl || upu || uplu || PPo || PPol || rp
| ApA || AplA || ipi || Fpo || Fplo || Nop || Nopl || upu || uplu || PPo || PPol || lp
|-
|-
! style=""| Vocative  
! style=""| Vocative  
| Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -we || -wesh || Pé || Plé || ré
| Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -we || -wesh || Pé || Plé || lé
|}
|}
*''A'' marks vowels ''a'' and ''ó''
*''A'' marks vowels ''a'' and ''ó''
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*''P'' marks plosives ''p, t'' and ''k''
*''P'' marks plosives ''p, t'' and ''k''
*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following
*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following
'''Possessive affixes''' mingle with the cases
'''Emphasizing clitics''': Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: ''Dothee'''noh''' ónzaitón pof.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Dothee ónzaitón pof'''na'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.) 


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using...
From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using...
Transitivity and cases: ''Dothee ónzaitón pof.'' (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).) ''Pof ónbous.'' (The feather (ABS) falls.)


'''Tense'''
'''Tense'''
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===Adpositions===
===Adpositions===


"in" with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative  
*"in" with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative  
*"on" to emphasize the surface aspect
*"under" for, well, movement under something


===Derivational Morphology===
===Derivational Morphology===

Revision as of 18:17, 21 May 2014


Sceptrian (batop lushar or lusha) is an a priori language created for the fantasy world Akekata by juhhmi.

History

Lore: Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With its 12 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber Khattish and Guddean, the other main West-Herookuan languages.

Basic Grammar

Fusional, subject-verb-object, two numbers, three persons, three noun classes, nine inflected cases with absolutive-ergative alignment

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m
m 		n ń
n 		ng
ŋ
Plosive p b
p b 		t d
t d 		k g
k g 		q
q
Fricative f v
f v 		th dh
θ ð 		s z
s z 		sh zh
ʃ ʒ 		h
x 		h
ç 		h
h
Affricate ts
t͡s 		tsh
t͡ʃ
Approximant j
j
Trill r ŕ
r
Lateral pl bl
pˡ bˡ 		tl dl
tˡ dˡ 		l sl
l ɬ 		kl gl
kˡ gˡ
  • Letter r is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization or /ɚ/. Letter ŕ is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels oŕ /ər/.
  • Similarly letter n can appear with nasalization but ń always as /n/: an /ã/ vs. ań /an/. With ng /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening eńge /eŋ:e/
  • Letter h has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels


Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i
i 		u
u
Close-mid e
e
Mid o
ə
Open-mid é oe
ɛ œ 		ó
ɔ
Near-open ae
æ
Open a
ä 		a
ɑ
  • Lengthening, lateral release, nasalization, rhotacization and aspiration/breathy voice are all used for grammatical purposes (tense, aspect, mood; cases, possessive affixes...)
    • Not with every vowel or different results?
    • paa /pä:/, pée /pɛ:/, póo /pɔ:/
    • plo /pˡə/, tla /tˡä/
    • on /ə̃/, oń /ɔn/, back vowels always between two nasals and after short ng: mónge /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but with front vowel and long ńg: nińge /niŋ:e/
    • or /ɚ/, oŕ /ər/ or /r/, ar /ä˞/, aŕ /är/
    • pho /pʰə/, bho /bʱə/, tha /θä/, dha /ðɑ/

Diphtongs

oi /ɔɪ̯/, ei /ɛɪ̯/, ou /ɔʊ̯/

Phonotactics

Syllabic consonants: /tl̩ɬ/, /θr̩n/

Orthography

Script from auman templar/jauhmö --> ligatures!

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal

Polite versions as well (which influenced Aoma) Third person only as demonstratives

Nouns

Numbers SG and PL

Classes

Abstract, animate and inanimate which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, k, i and éi.

  • Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel a, ó or i. Those ending with i lack all the plural forms.
  • Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (f, th, s, sh, h), nasal (m, n, ng) or vowel u. Mass nouns, such as meat, milk and food, have nasal endings.
  • Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (p, t, k) or consonant l. Inanimate mass nouns, e.g. sand, salt and water, appear in the l-ending group which also lacks plural forms.

Declension

Cases:

  • Absolutive (ABS): Unmarked base form for subjects of intransitive and objects of transitive verbs
  • Ergative (ERG): Agents of transitive verbs
  • Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession (his house); comparison (with ADJ comparative)
  • Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession (his head)
  • Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; with someone; in antipassive constructions
  • Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface))
  • Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions
  • Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative)
  • Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections
Classes and desinences
Abstract Animate Inanimate
A i F N u P r
SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL
Absolutive A Asl i F (ə)lF N Ninl u ush P Pl l
Ergative AA AslA ii Fee Fel Neen Nenl uu uush Pee Ple le
Dative Ak Akl ik Fi Fil Ni Nil uji uwi Pei Plei lei
Possessive Ar Aŕ ir For Foŕ Nor Noŕ ur uŕ -N PoN lon
Instrumantal-comitative Ah Ah ish Fos Fosl Nos Nosh uh uh Ph Ph -dh
Lative AgA AglA iki Fko Fklo Nongo Nongo ugu uglu Póo Plóo lo
Locative-temporal AkhA AlkhA ikhi Fku Fklu Nongu Nongu ukhu ulkhu Pu Plu lu
Ablative ApA AplA ipi Fpo Fplo Nop Nopl upu uplu PPo PPol lp
Vocative Ae Asl ii Fé lFé Né Nin -we -wesh Pé Plé lé
  • A marks vowels a and ó
  • F marks fricatives f, s, sh and h
  • N marks nasals n, m and ng
  • P marks plosives p, t and k
  • - indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following

Possessive affixes mingle with the cases


Emphasizing clitics: Suffixes ma (for ABS) and noh (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: Dotheenoh ónzaitón pof. (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. Dothee ónzaitón pofna. (It is the feather that the man is lifting.)

Adjectives

agree

Verbs

Conjugation

From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using...

Transitivity and cases: Dothee ónzaitón pof. (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).) Pof ónbous. (The feather (ABS) falls.)

Tense

Aspect

Telicity (completion) marked in verbs: suomessa ammuin karhun vs. ammuin karhua

Mood

Voice

Antipassive construction: agent (ERG) into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) into instrumental-comitative (INS)

Non-finite forms

Multiple... --> adjectives?

Adpositions

  • "in" with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative
  • "on" to emphasize the surface aspect
  • "under" for, well, movement under something

Derivational Morphology

Numerals

Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain

Syntax

Word order

  • SVO in statements, VSO in questions, SOV in
  • adjectives precede nouns while genitives follow
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