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==History==
==Outline History==
===Old Bźatga===
Old Bźatga (''Bríatéga'') is the form of the language belonging to the earliest written records from the 8th century when Irish monks (OBz. ''papi'' or ''celí dié'') introduced the Latin alphabet to the island. It is characterised by extensive nominal and verbal inflections largely inherited from Common Brittonic and by a small number of words borrowed from Old Irish and Ecclesiastical Latin, largely in the spheres of religion and technology (e.g. ''liérieca'' "cleric" (OI ''cleirech''), ''sagrata'' "priest" (OI ''sagart''), ''annódia'' "mother church" (OI ''andóit'', ''canniela'' "candle" (OI ''caindel''), ''penna'' "pen" (L ''penna''), ''scriuade'' "he writes" (OI ''scríbaid'')).
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2;"| Short Vowels !! colspan="2;" | Long Vowels !! colspan="2;"  | Diphthongs !! colspan="6;"  | Consonants
|-
| width="50;" |''a'' || width="50;" |  /a/ || width="50;" | ''á'' || width="50;" | /aː/ || width="30;" | ''ia'' || width="70;" | /ea > ia/ || width="50;" | ''p'' || width="50;" | /p/ || width="50;" | ''b'' || width="50;" | /b/ || width="50;" | ''u'' || width="50;" | /β/
|-
| ''e'' || /ɛ/ || ''é'' || /eː/ || ''ie'' || /ie/ || ''t'' || /t/ || ''d'' || /d/ || ''z'' || /ð̠/
|-
| ''i'' || /ɪ/ || ''í'' || /iː/ || ''ua'' || /oa > ua/ || ''c'' || /k/ || ''g'' || /g/ || ''i'' || /j/
|-
| ''o'' || /ɔ/ || ''ó'' || /oː/ || ''uo'' || /uo/ || ''m'' || /m/ || ''n'' || /n/ || ''s'' || /s/
|-
| ''u'' || /ʊ/ || ''ú'' || /uː/ || rowspan="3;" colspan="2;" | || ''l'' || /l/ || ''r'' || /r/ || ''h'' || /h/
|-
| rowspan="2;" colspan="2;" | || ''áe'' || /ɛː/ || colspan="6;" rowspan="2;" |
|-
| ''óe'' || /ɔː/
|}
 
The loss of distinctive vowel quantity during the Old Bźatga period led to the following vowel system: ''a, e, é, i, o, ó, u'', where ''é, ó'' represent /e, o/. Marked ''í, ú'' were often used to represent sequences of ''ii, uu'', e.g. ''dúo'' "black", ''ríe'' "kings". Iotisation continued to be marked with ''i'' after the consonant, e.g. Bźatga was written ''Briatéga'', ModBź. ''brańa'' "foul" was written ''brania'' (but in earlier texts also ''braina'' or ''brainia'').
 
====Nominal Inflection====
Nouns are inflected for several classes, which show a greater degree of variation than the modern language.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! width="100;" | ''donia'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo'' "shape" !! width="100;" | ''troues'' "foot" || width="100;" | ''aú'' "river" || width="100;" | ''aua'' "name" || width="100;" | ''lieda'' "valley" || width="100;" | ''adir'' "father"
|-
| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''donia'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo'' || ''troues'' || ''aú'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''lieda'' || ''adir''
|-
| Asg. || rowspan="2;" |  ''troueda'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auona'' || ''adera''
|-
| Gsg. ||''donie'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auane'' || ''liedía'' || ''adra''
|-
| Dsg. || ''doniu'' || ''trouede'' || ''auone'' || ''liedeie'' || ''adre''
|-
| Npl. || ''donii'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || ''prédoue'' || ''trouede'' || ''auone'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auani'' || rowspan="3;" | ''liedía'' || ''adre''
|-
| Apl. || ''doniu''  || ''prédu'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''troueda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''auona'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''adra''
|-
| Gpl. || ''donia'' || ''moría'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''prédúa'' || ''auana''
|-
| Dpl. || ''donioua'' || ''moreua'' || ''trouedua'' || ''auoua'' || ''auaua'' || ''liedeua'' || ''adréua''
|}
 
====Verbal Inflection====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! || colspan="3;" | Active || Deponent || Passive
|-
! !! width="100;" | ''caraue'' "I love" !! width="100;" | ''baziue'' "I drown" || ''caberu'' "I take" || width="100;" | ''sebur'' "I follow" || ''caradar'' "is loved"
|-
| Pres. Ind. || ''caraue'' <br> ''caraie'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''caraua'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''carat'' || ''baziue'' <br> ''bazíe'' <br> ''bazide'' <br> ''baziua'' <br> ''bazide'' <br> ''bazit'' || ''caberu'' <br> ''cabíe'' <br> ''cabere'' <br> ''caberoua'' <br> ''caberede'' <br> ''caberot'' || ''sebur'' <br> ''sebedar'' <br> ''sebedra'' <br> ''sebouar'' <br> ''sebeder'' <br> ''sebotra'' || - <br> - <br> ''caradar'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''caratar''
|-
| Impf. Ind. || ''caranne'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carammis'' <br> ''caraui'' <br> ''carates'' || ''bazinne'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazimmis'' <br> ''baziui'' <br> ''bazites'' || ''caberenne'' <br> ''caberida'' <br> ''cabereda'' <br> ''caberemmes'' <br> ''cabereui'' <br> ''caberetes'' || ''sebinne'' <br> ''sebida'' <br> ''sebida'' <br> ''sebimmis'' <br> ''sebiui'' <br> ''sebites'' || - <br> - <br> ''carade'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''caratis''
|-
| Pret. Ind. || ''carasu'' <br> ''carase'' <br> ''carase'' <br> ''carasoua'' <br> ''carasede'' <br> ''carasot'' || ''bazisu'' <br> ''bazise'' <br> ''bazise'' <br> ''bazisoua'' <br> ''bazisede'' <br> ''bazisot'' || ''cabretu'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabretoue'' <br> ''cabretede'' <br> ''cabretot'' || ''sebesur'' <br> ''sebesar'' <br> ''sebestra'' <br> ''sebemar'' <br> ''sebeser'' <br> ''sebestra'' ||
|-
| Pres. Subj. || ''cara'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''caraua'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''carat'' || ''bazia'' <br> ''bazia'' <br> ''bazia'' <br> ''baziaua'' <br> ''baziade'' <br> ''baziat'' || ''caberra'' <br> ''caberra'' <br> ''caberra'' <br> ''caberraua'' <br> ''caberrade'' <br> ''caberrat'' || ''sesiur'' <br> ''sesietar'' <br> ''sesiedra'' <br> ''sesioura'' <br> ''sesieder'' <br> ''sesiotra'' ||
|-
| Pret. Subj. || ''caranne'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carammis'' <br> ''caraui'' <br> ''carates'' || ''bazinne'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazimmis'' <br> ''baziui'' <br> ''bazites'' || ''caberrenne'' <br> ''caberrida'' <br> ''caberreda'' <br> ''caberremmes'' <br> ''caberreui'' <br> ''caberretes'' || ''sesínne'' <br> ''sesída'' <br> ''sesída'' <br> ''sesímmis'' <br> ''sesíui'' <br> ''sesítes'' ||
|-
| Past Ptc. || ''carada'' || ''bazida'' || ''cabréda'' || ''sebida'' ||
|-
| Pres Ptc. || ''carat'' || ''bazit'' || ''caberot'' || ''sebit'' ||
|-
| Ptc. of Nec. || ''caradoia'' || ''bazidoia'' || ''cabretoia'' || ''sebidoia'' ||
|}
 
A number of irregularities occur in the preterite such as reduplication and ablaut:
* ''lieú'' "I hear": ''celioú, celioie, celioie, celiououe, celioiede''
* ''veziu'' "I pray": ''vaza, vaza, vaze, vazaue, vazade, vazar''.
 
===Middle Bźatga===
The orthography of Middle Bźatga changed little from that of Old Bźatga, except that iotisation came to be written:
* first with a superscript <sup>''i''</sup> after the consonant, e.g. ''Br<sup>i</sup>atga, don<sup>i</sup>ua''
* then with an apostrophe-like mark or raised vertical line, e.g. ''Br’atga/Br<sup>ι</sup>atga, don’ua/don<sup>ι</sup>ua''
* finally with an acute accent, e.g. ''Bŕatga, dońua''
 
====Nominal Inflection====
The declension paradigm was affected by syncope and the process of levelling, which merged the Nom. and Acc. classes and often the Gen. and Dat. ones, particularly where identical forms recurred in a single class or where iotisation led to stem-changes.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! width="100;" | ''dońa'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo'' "shape" !! width="100;" | ''trouda'' "foot" || width="100;" | ''aú'' "river" || width="100;" | ''aua'' "name" || width="100;" | ''ĺeda'' "valley" || width="100;" | ''adir'' "father"
|-
| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''dońa'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo'' || rowspan="2;" | ''trouda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aú'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''ĺeda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''adra''
|-
| Asg.
|-
| Gsg. ||''dońe'' ||  ''trouda, -e'' || ''auna, -e'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''aune'' || ''ĺeďa, -e'' || ''adra, -e''
|-
| Dsg. || ''dońu'' || ''troude'' || ''aune'' || ''ĺeďe'' || ''adre''
|-
| Npl. || rowspan="2;" | ''dońi'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || rowspan="2;" | ''prédue'' || rowspan="2;" | ''troude'' || rowspan="2;" |''aune'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auni'' || rowspan="2;" | ''ĺeďa, -e'' ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''adre''
|-
| Apl.
|-
| Gpl. || rowspan="2;" | ''dońua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''morua'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''prédua'' || ''trouda'' || ''auna'' || ''auna'' || ''ĺeďa'' || ''adra''
|-
| Dpl. || ''trouda, -ua'' || ''auna, -ua'' || ''auna, -ua'' || ''ĺeda, -ua'' || ''adra, -ua''
|}
 
====Verbal Inflection====
Syncope initially resulted in a complex verbal system akin to Old Irish, in which verbs with unstressed prefixes such as ''ca-, var-, ab-'' had two different forms: a primary form, used when the verb stood alone (e.g. ''cabére'' "he takes", ''vagánde'' "he plays") and a secondary form used when another prefix was added (e.g. ''nacábre'' "he does not take", ''ravágnade'' "he might play"). Quite quickly, however, the situation was levelled so that the primary form was used throughout but with a shift of stress to the original prefix (e.g. ''nacábere'', ''ravágande'').
 
There was also some simplification of the verbal paradigm and, in particular, the reduction of anomalous forms. Weak verbs ending in 1sg pres. ind. ''-ue'' are merged into a single category, following ''caruemi'' and deponent verbs are mainly taken into the ''-ue'' category. The use of pronominal endings becomes increasingly mandatory in non-3rd person forms.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! || colspan="4;" | Active || Passive
|-
! !! width="100;" | ''carue'' "I love" !! width="100;" | ''bazue'' "I drown" || ''caberu'' "I take" || width="100;" | ''sebue'' "I follow" || ''caradar'' "is loved"
|-
| Pres. Ind. || ''carue(mi)'' <br> ''caŕe(tu)'' <br> ''carde'' <br> ''carua(zni)'' <br> ''carde(zui)'' <br> ''carat'' || ''bazue(mi)'' <br> ''baźe(tu)'' <br> ''bazde'' <br> ''bazua(zni)'' <br> ''bazde(zui)'' <br> ''bazat'' || ''caberu(mi)'' <br> ''cabeŕe(tu)'' <br> ''cabere'' <br> ''caberua(zni)'' <br> ''caberde(zui)'' <br> ''caberot'' || ''sebue(mi)'' <br> ''sebie(tu)'' <br> ''sebde'' <br> ''sebua(zni)'' <br> ''sebde(zui)'' <br> ''sebat'' || - <br> - <br> ''cardar'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''cartar''
|-
| Pret. Ind. || ''carsu(mi)'' <br> ''carse(tu)'' <br> ''carse'' <br> ''carse(zni)'' <br> ''carse(zui)'' <br> ''carsot'' || ''bazsu(mi)'' <br> ''bazse(tu)'' <br> ''bazse'' <br> ''bazse(zni)'' <br> ''bazse(zui)'' <br> ''bazsot'' || ''cabretu(mi)'' <br> ''cabrete(tu)'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabrete(zni)'' <br> ''cabrete(zui)'' <br> ''cabretot'' || ''sebsu(mi)'' <br> ''sebse(tu)'' <br> ''sebse'' <br> ''sebse(zni)'' <br> ''sebse(zui)'' <br> ''sebsot'' ||
|-
| Pres. Subj. || ''cara(mi)'' <br> ''cara(tu)'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''cara(zni)'' <br> ''cara(zui)'' <br> ''cara(ie)'' || ''baza(mi)'' <br> ''baza(tu)'' <br> ''baza'' <br> ''baza(zni)'' <br> ''baza(zui)'' <br> ''baza(ie)'' || ''cabera(mi)'' <br> ''cabera(tu)'' <br> ''cabera'' <br> ''cabera(zni)'' <br> ''cabera(zui)'' <br> ''cabera(ie)'' || ''seba(mi)'' <br> ''seba(tu)'' <br> ''seba'' <br> ''seba(zni)'' <br> ''seba(zui)'' <br> ''seba(ie)'' ||
|-
| Past Ptc. || ''carda'' || ''bazda'' || ''cabréda'' || ''sebda'' ||
|-
| Pres Ptc. || ''carat'' || ''bazit'' || ''caberot'' || ''sebit'' ||
|-
| Ptc. of Nec. || ''cardoia'' || ''bazdoia'' || ''cabrédoia'' || ''sebdoia'' ||
|}
 
==Phonological History==
===Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)===
===Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)===
* '''Short vowels remain in stressed syllables:''' ''a, e, i, o, u''
* '''Short vowels remain in stressed syllables:''' ''a, e, i, o, u''
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===Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)===
===Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)===
Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written.  
Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written.
* '''Geminate stops and ''ss'' simplified
** ''dd > d, bb > b, gg > g, tt > t, kk > c''.
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː''
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː''
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + non-high vowel'''
* '''Diphthonisation in stressed syllables, except before ''Cj'''''
** ''ɛː > ea > ia''
** ''ɛː > ea > ia''
** ''eː > ie''
** ''eː > ie''
** ''ɔː > oa > ua''
** ''ɔː > oa > ua'' word-initially
** ''oː > uo''
** ''oː > uo'' word-initially
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'''''
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'''''
** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
Line 133: Line 267:
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ''
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ''
** also affects ''jr, jn, jl < gC; jt, js < xC''
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m''
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m''
** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially.
** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially.
** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
* '''Merger of semivowels
* '''Merger of semivowels'''
** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uβ'', ''βu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uβ'', ''βu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
*** Where the ''i'' represents the word stem, it remains, e.g. ''ría > źia''
*** The sequence ''iu'' becomes ''ju'', e.g. ''liua > ĺua''
** ''oβi'' > ''oi''
** ''oβi'' > ''oi''


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