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→‎Verbal Inflection

Psammead

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 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! !! width="100;" | ''donia'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo'' "shape" !! width="100;" | ''troues'' "foot" || width="100;" | ''aú'' "river" || width="100;" | ''aua'' "name" || width="100;" | ''teia'' "house" || width="100;" | ''adir'' "father"
+! !! width="100;" | ''donia'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo'' "shape" !! width="100;" | ''troues'' "foot" || width="100;" | ''aú'' "river" || width="100;" | ''aua'' "name" || width="100;" | ''lieda'' "valley" || width="100;" | ''adir'' "father"
 |-
-| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''donia'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo'' || ''troues'' || ''aú'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''teia'' || ''adir''
+| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''donia'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo'' || ''troues'' || ''aú'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''lieda'' || ''adir''
 |-
 | Asg. || rowspan="2;" |  ''troueda'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auona'' || ''adera''
 |-
-| Gsg. ||''donie'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auane'' || ''teía'' || ''adra''
+| Gsg. ||''donie'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auane'' || ''liedía'' || ''adra''
 |-
-| Dsg. || ''doniu'' || ''trouede'' || ''auone'' || ''teieie'' || ''adre''
+| Dsg. || ''doniu'' || ''trouede'' || ''auone'' || ''liedeie'' || ''adre''
 |-
-| Npl. || ''donii'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || ''prédoue'' || ''trouede'' || ''auone'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auani'' || rowspan="3;" | ''teía'' || ''adre''
+| Npl. || ''donii'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || ''prédoue'' || ''trouede'' || ''auone'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auani'' || rowspan="3;" | ''liedía'' || ''adre''
 |-
 | Apl. || ''doniu''  || ''prédu'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''troueda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''auona'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''adra''
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 | Gpl. || ''donia'' || ''moría'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''prédúa'' || ''auana''
 |-
-| Dpl. || ''donioua'' || ''moreua'' || ''trouedua'' || ''auoua'' || ''auaua'' || ''teíeua'' || ''adréua''
+| Dpl. || ''donioua'' || ''moreua'' || ''trouedua'' || ''auoua'' || ''auaua'' || ''liedeua'' || ''adréua''
 |}
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 |-
 | Pres. Ind. || ''caraue'' <br> ''caraie'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''caraua'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''carat'' || ''baziue'' <br> ''bazíe'' <br> ''bazide'' <br> ''baziua'' <br> ''bazide'' <br> ''bazit'' || ''caberu'' <br> ''cabíe'' <br> ''cabere'' <br> ''caberoua'' <br> ''caberede'' <br> ''caberot'' || ''sebur'' <br> ''sebedar'' <br> ''sebedra'' <br> ''sebouar'' <br> ''sebeder'' <br> ''sebotra'' || - <br> - <br> ''caradar'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''caratar''
+|-
+| Impf. Ind. || ''caranne'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carammis'' <br> ''caraui'' <br> ''carates'' || ''bazinne'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazimmis'' <br> ''baziui'' <br> ''bazites'' || ''caberenne'' <br> ''caberida'' <br> ''cabereda'' <br> ''caberemmes'' <br> ''cabereui'' <br> ''caberetes'' || ''sebinne'' <br> ''sebida'' <br> ''sebida'' <br> ''sebimmis'' <br> ''sebiui'' <br> ''sebites'' || - <br> - <br> ''carade'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''caratis''
 |-
 | Pret. Ind. || ''carasu'' <br> ''carase'' <br> ''carase'' <br> ''carasoua'' <br> ''carasede'' <br> ''carasot'' || ''bazisu'' <br> ''bazise'' <br> ''bazise'' <br> ''bazisoua'' <br> ''bazisede'' <br> ''bazisot'' || ''cabretu'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabretoue'' <br> ''cabretede'' <br> ''cabretot'' || ''sebesur'' <br> ''sebesar'' <br> ''sebestra'' <br> ''sebemar'' <br> ''sebeser'' <br> ''sebestra'' ||
 |-
 | Pres. Subj. || ''cara'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''caraua'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''carat'' || ''bazia'' <br> ''bazia'' <br> ''bazia'' <br> ''baziaua'' <br> ''baziade'' <br> ''baziat'' || ''caberra'' <br> ''caberra'' <br> ''caberra'' <br> ''caberraua'' <br> ''caberrade'' <br> ''caberrat'' || ''sesiur'' <br> ''sesietar'' <br> ''sesiedra'' <br> ''sesioura'' <br> ''sesieder'' <br> ''sesiotra'' ||
+|-
+| Pret. Subj. || ''caranne'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carammis'' <br> ''caraui'' <br> ''carates'' || ''bazinne'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazimmis'' <br> ''baziui'' <br> ''bazites'' || ''caberrenne'' <br> ''caberrida'' <br> ''caberreda'' <br> ''caberremmes'' <br> ''caberreui'' <br> ''caberretes'' || ''sesínne'' <br> ''sesída'' <br> ''sesída'' <br> ''sesímmis'' <br> ''sesíui'' <br> ''sesítes'' ||
 |-
 | Past Ptc. || ''carada'' || ''bazida'' || ''cabréda'' || ''sebida'' ||
@@ Line 84: / Line 88: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! !! width="100;" | ''dońa'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo'' "shape" !! width="100;" | ''trouda'' "foot" || width="100;" | ''aú'' "river" || width="100;" | ''aua'' "name" || width="100;" | ''teia'' "house" || width="100;" | ''adir'' "father"
+! !! width="100;" | ''dońa'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo'' "shape" !! width="100;" | ''trouda'' "foot" || width="100;" | ''aú'' "river" || width="100;" | ''aua'' "name" || width="100;" | ''ĺeda'' "valley" || width="100;" | ''adir'' "father"
 |-
-| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''dońa'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo'' || rowspan="2;" | ''trouda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aú'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''teia'' || rowspan="2;" | ''adra''
+| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''dońa'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo'' || rowspan="2;" | ''trouda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aú'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''ĺeda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''adra''
 |-
 | Asg.
 |-
-| Gsg. ||''dońe'' ||  ''trouda, -e'' || ''auna, -e'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''aune'' || ''teia, -e'' || ''adra, -e''
+| Gsg. ||''dońe'' ||  ''trouda, -e'' || ''auna, -e'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''aune'' || ''ĺeďa, -e'' || ''adra, -e''
 |-
-| Dsg. || ''dońu'' || ''troude'' || ''aune'' || ''teie'' || ''adre''
+| Dsg. || ''dońu'' || ''troude'' || ''aune'' || ''ĺeďe'' || ''adre''
 |-
-| Npl. || rowspan="2;" | ''dońi'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || rowspan="2;" | ''prédue'' || rowspan="2;" | ''troude'' || rowspan="2;" |''aune'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auni'' || rowspan="2;" | ''teia, -e'' ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''adre''
+| Npl. || rowspan="2;" | ''dońi'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || rowspan="2;" | ''prédue'' || rowspan="2;" | ''troude'' || rowspan="2;" |''aune'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auni'' || rowspan="2;" | ''ĺeďa, -e'' ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''adre''
 |-
 | Apl.
 |-
-| Gpl. || rowspan="2;" | ''dońua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''morua'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''prédua'' || ''trouda'' || ''auna'' || ''auna'' || ''teia'' || ''adra''
+| Gpl. || rowspan="2;" | ''dońua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''morua'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''prédua'' || ''trouda'' || ''auna'' || ''auna'' || ''ĺeďa'' || ''adra''
+|-
+| Dpl. || ''trouda, -ua'' || ''auna, -ua'' || ''auna, -ua'' || ''ĺeda, -ua'' || ''adra, -ua''
+|}
+====Verbal Inflection====
+Syncope initially resulted in a complex verbal system akin to Old Irish, in which verbs with unstressed prefixes such as ''ca-, var-, ab-'' had two different forms: a primary form, used when the verb stood alone (e.g. ''cabére'' "he takes", ''vagánde'' "he plays") and a secondary form used when another prefix was added (e.g. ''nacábre'' "he does not take", ''ravágnade'' "he might play"). Quite quickly, however, the situation was levelled so that the primary form was used throughout but with a shift of stress to the original prefix (e.g. ''nacábere'', ''ravágande'').
+There was also some simplification of the verbal paradigm and, in particular, the reduction of anomalous forms. Weak verbs ending in 1sg pres. ind. ''-ue'' are merged into a single category, following ''caruemi'' and deponent verbs are mainly taken into the ''-ue'' category. The use of pronominal endings becomes increasingly mandatory in non-3rd person forms.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! || colspan="4;" | Active || Passive
+|-
+! !! width="100;" | ''carue'' "I love" !! width="100;" | ''bazue'' "I drown" || ''caberu'' "I take" || width="100;" | ''sebue'' "I follow" || ''caradar'' "is loved"
+|-
+| Pres. Ind. || ''carue(mi)'' <br> ''caŕe(tu)'' <br> ''carde'' <br> ''carua(zni)'' <br> ''carde(zui)'' <br> ''carat'' || ''bazue(mi)'' <br> ''baźe(tu)'' <br> ''bazde'' <br> ''bazua(zni)'' <br> ''bazde(zui)'' <br> ''bazat'' || ''caberu(mi)'' <br> ''cabeŕe(tu)'' <br> ''cabere'' <br> ''caberua(zni)'' <br> ''caberde(zui)'' <br> ''caberot'' || ''sebue(mi)'' <br> ''sebie(tu)'' <br> ''sebde'' <br> ''sebua(zni)'' <br> ''sebde(zui)'' <br> ''sebat'' || - <br> - <br> ''cardar'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''cartar''
+|-
+| Pret. Ind. || ''carsu(mi)'' <br> ''carse(tu)'' <br> ''carse'' <br> ''carse(zni)'' <br> ''carse(zui)'' <br> ''carsot'' || ''bazsu(mi)'' <br> ''bazse(tu)'' <br> ''bazse'' <br> ''bazse(zni)'' <br> ''bazse(zui)'' <br> ''bazsot'' || ''cabretu(mi)'' <br> ''cabrete(tu)'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabrete(zni)'' <br> ''cabrete(zui)'' <br> ''cabretot'' || ''sebsu(mi)'' <br> ''sebse(tu)'' <br> ''sebse'' <br> ''sebse(zni)'' <br> ''sebse(zui)'' <br> ''sebsot'' ||
+|-
+| Pres. Subj. || ''cara(mi)'' <br> ''cara(tu)'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''cara(zni)'' <br> ''cara(zui)'' <br> ''cara(ie)'' || ''baza(mi)'' <br> ''baza(tu)'' <br> ''baza'' <br> ''baza(zni)'' <br> ''baza(zui)'' <br> ''baza(ie)'' || ''cabera(mi)'' <br> ''cabera(tu)'' <br> ''cabera'' <br> ''cabera(zni)'' <br> ''cabera(zui)'' <br> ''cabera(ie)'' || ''seba(mi)'' <br> ''seba(tu)'' <br> ''seba'' <br> ''seba(zni)'' <br> ''seba(zui)'' <br> ''seba(ie)'' ||
+|-
+| Past Ptc. || ''carda'' || ''bazda'' || ''cabréda'' || ''sebda'' ||
+|-
+| Pres Ptc. || ''carat'' || ''bazit'' || ''caberot'' || ''sebit'' ||
 |-
-| Dpl. || ''trouda, -ua'' || ''auna, -ua'' || ''auna, -ua'' || ''teia, -ua'' || ''adra, -ua''
+| Ptc. of Nec. || ''cardoia'' || ''bazdoia'' || ''cabrédoia'' || ''sebdoia'' ||
 |}
@@ Line 136: / Line 164: @@
 ===Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)===
 Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written.
+* '''Geminate stops and ''ss'' simplified
+** ''dd > d, bb > b, gg > g, tt > t, kk > c''.
 * '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
 ** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː''
-* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + non-high vowel'''
+* '''Diphthonisation in stressed syllables, except before ''Cj'''''
 ** ''ɛː > ea > ia''
 ** ''eː > ie''
-** ''ɔː > oa > ua''
+** ''ɔː > oa > ua'' word-initially
-** ''oː > uo''
+** ''oː > uo'' word-initially
 * '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'''''
 ** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
@@ Line 237: / Line 267: @@
 ** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
 ** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ''
+** also affects ''jr, jn, jl < gC; jt, js < xC''
 ** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m''
 ** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially.
 ** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
-* '''Merger of semivowels
+* '''Merger of semivowels'''
 ** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uβ'', ''βu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
 ** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
+*** Where the ''i'' represents the word stem, it remains, e.g. ''ría > źia''
+*** The sequence ''iu'' becomes ''ju'', e.g. ''liua > ĺua''
 ** ''oβi'' > ''oi''