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Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions
→Verbal Inflection
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====Verbal Inflection==== | ====Verbal Inflection==== | ||
Syncope initially resulted in a complex verbal system akin to Old Irish, in which verbs with unstressed prefixes such as ''ca-, var-, ab-'' had two different forms: a primary form, used when the verb stood alone (e.g. ''cabére'' "he takes", ''vagánde'' "he plays") and a secondary form used when another prefix was added (e.g. ''nacábre'' "he does not take", ''ravágnade'' "he might play"). Quite quickly, however, the situation was levelled so that the primary form was used throughout but with a shift of stress to the original prefix (e.g. ''nacábere'', ''ravágande''). | |||
There was also some simplification of the verbal paradigm and, in particular, the reduction of anomalous forms. Weak verbs ending in 1sg pres. ind. ''-ue'' are merged into a single category, following ''caruemi'' and deponent verbs are mainly taken into the ''-ue'' category. The use of pronominal endings becomes increasingly mandatory in non-3rd person forms. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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===Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)=== | ===Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)=== | ||
Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written. | Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written. | ||
* '''Geminate stops and ''ss'' simplified | |||
** ''dd > d, bb > b, gg > g, tt > t, kk > c''. | |||
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C''' | * '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C''' | ||
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː'' | ** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː'' | ||
* '''Diphthonisation before | * '''Diphthonisation in stressed syllables, except before ''Cj''''' | ||
** ''ɛː > ea > ia'' | ** ''ɛː > ea > ia'' | ||
** ''eː > ie'' | ** ''eː > ie'' | ||
** ''ɔː > oa > ua'' | ** ''ɔː > oa > ua'' word-initially | ||
** ''oː > uo'' | ** ''oː > uo'' word-initially | ||
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ''''' | * '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ''''' | ||
** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)'' | ** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)'' | ||
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** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant | ** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant | ||
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ'' | ** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ'' | ||
** also affects ''jr, jn, jl < gC; jt, js < xC'' | |||
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m'' | ** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m'' | ||
** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially. | ** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially. | ||
** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change. | ** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change. | ||
* '''Merger of semivowels | * '''Merger of semivowels''' | ||
** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uβ'', ''βu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u'' | ** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uβ'', ''βu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u'' | ||
** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant | ** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant | ||