@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-==History==
+==Outline History==
+===Old Bźatga===
+Old Bźatga (''Bríatéga'') is the form of the language belonging to the earliest written records from the 8th century when Irish monks (OBz. ''papi'' or ''celí dié'') introduced the Latin alphabet to the island. It is characterised by extensive nominal and verbal inflections largely inherited from Common Brittonic and by a small number of words borrowed from Old Irish and Ecclesiastical Latin, largely in the spheres of religion and technology (e.g. ''liérieca'' "cleric" (OI ''cleirech''), ''sagrata'' "priest" (OI ''sagart''), ''annódia'' "mother church" (OI ''andóit'', ''canniela'' "candle" (OI ''caindel''), ''penna'' "pen" (L ''penna''), ''scriuade'' "he writes" (OI ''scríbaid'')).
-* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs'''
+{| class="wikitable"
-** ''ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː''
+|-
+! colspan="2;"| Short Vowels !! colspan="2;" | Long Vowels !! colspan="2;"  | Diphthongs !! colspan="6;"  | Consonants
+|-
+| width="50;" |''a'' || width="50;" |  /a/ || width="50;" | ''á'' || width="50;" | /aː/ || width="30;" | ''ia'' || width="70;" | /ea > ia/ || width="50;" | ''p'' || width="50;" | /p/ || width="50;" | ''b'' || width="50;" | /b/ || width="50;" | ''u'' || width="50;" | /β/
+|-
+| ''e'' || /ɛ/ || ''é'' || /eː/ || ''ie'' || /ie/ || ''t'' || /t/ || ''d'' || /d/ || ''z'' || /ð̠/
+|-
+| ''i'' || /ɪ/ || ''í'' || /iː/ || ''ua'' || /oa > ua/ || ''c'' || /k/ || ''g'' || /g/ || ''i'' || /j/
+|-
+| ''o'' || /ɔ/ || ''ó'' || /oː/ || ''uo'' || /uo/ || ''m'' || /m/ || ''n'' || /n/ || ''s'' || /s/
+|-
+| ''u'' || /ʊ/ || ''ú'' || /uː/ || rowspan="3;" colspan="2;" | || ''l'' || /l/ || ''r'' || /r/ || ''h'' || /h/
+|-
+| rowspan="2;" colspan="2;" | || ''áe'' || /ɛː/ || colspan="6;" rowspan="2;" |
+|-
+| ''óe'' || /ɔː/
+|}
+The loss of distinctive vowel quantity during the Old Bźatga period led to the following vowel system: ''a, e, é, i, o, ó, u'', where ''é, ó'' represent /e, o/. Marked ''í, ú'' were often used to represent sequences of ''ii, uu'', e.g. ''dúo'' "black", ''ríe'' "kings". Iotisation continued to be marked with ''i'' after the consonant, e.g. Bźatga was written ''Briatéga'', ModBź. ''brańa'' "foul" was written ''brania'' (but in earlier texts also ''braina'' or ''brainia'').
+====Nominal Inflection====
+Nouns are inflected for several classes, which show a greater degree of variation than the modern language.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! !! width="100;" | ''donia'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo'' "shape" !! width="100;" | ''troues'' "foot" || width="100;" | ''aú'' "river" || width="100;" | ''aua'' "name" || width="100;" | ''lieda'' "valley" || width="100;" | ''adir'' "father"
+|-
+| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''donia'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo'' || ''troues'' || ''aú'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''lieda'' || ''adir''
+|-
+| Asg. || rowspan="2;" |  ''troueda'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auona'' || ''adera''
+|-
+| Gsg. ||''donie'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auane'' || ''liedía'' || ''adra''
+|-
+| Dsg. || ''doniu'' || ''trouede'' || ''auone'' || ''liedeie'' || ''adre''
+|-
+| Npl. || ''donii'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || ''prédoue'' || ''trouede'' || ''auone'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auani'' || rowspan="3;" | ''liedía'' || ''adre''
+|-
+| Apl. || ''doniu''  || ''prédu'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''troueda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''auona'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''adra''
+|-
+| Gpl. || ''donia'' || ''moría'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''prédúa'' || ''auana''
+|-
+| Dpl. || ''donioua'' || ''moreua'' || ''trouedua'' || ''auoua'' || ''auaua'' || ''liedeua'' || ''adréua''
+|}
+====Verbal Inflection====
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! || colspan="3;" | Active || Deponent || Passive
+|-
+! !! width="100;" | ''caraue'' "I love" !! width="100;" | ''baziue'' "I drown" || ''caberu'' "I take" || width="100;" | ''sebur'' "I follow" || ''caradar'' "is loved"
+|-
+| Pres. Ind. || ''caraue'' <br> ''caraie'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''caraua'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''carat'' || ''baziue'' <br> ''bazíe'' <br> ''bazide'' <br> ''baziua'' <br> ''bazide'' <br> ''bazit'' || ''caberu'' <br> ''cabíe'' <br> ''cabere'' <br> ''caberoua'' <br> ''caberede'' <br> ''caberot'' || ''sebur'' <br> ''sebedar'' <br> ''sebedra'' <br> ''sebouar'' <br> ''sebeder'' <br> ''sebotra'' || - <br> - <br> ''caradar'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''caratar''
+|-
+| Impf. Ind. || ''caranne'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carammis'' <br> ''caraui'' <br> ''carates'' || ''bazinne'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazimmis'' <br> ''baziui'' <br> ''bazites'' || ''caberenne'' <br> ''caberida'' <br> ''cabereda'' <br> ''caberemmes'' <br> ''cabereui'' <br> ''caberetes'' || ''sebinne'' <br> ''sebida'' <br> ''sebida'' <br> ''sebimmis'' <br> ''sebiui'' <br> ''sebites'' || - <br> - <br> ''carade'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''caratis''
+|-
+| Pret. Ind. || ''carasu'' <br> ''carase'' <br> ''carase'' <br> ''carasoua'' <br> ''carasede'' <br> ''carasot'' || ''bazisu'' <br> ''bazise'' <br> ''bazise'' <br> ''bazisoua'' <br> ''bazisede'' <br> ''bazisot'' || ''cabretu'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabretoue'' <br> ''cabretede'' <br> ''cabretot'' || ''sebesur'' <br> ''sebesar'' <br> ''sebestra'' <br> ''sebemar'' <br> ''sebeser'' <br> ''sebestra'' ||
+|-
+| Pres. Subj. || ''cara'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''caraua'' <br> ''carade'' <br> ''carat'' || ''bazia'' <br> ''bazia'' <br> ''bazia'' <br> ''baziaua'' <br> ''baziade'' <br> ''baziat'' || ''caberra'' <br> ''caberra'' <br> ''caberra'' <br> ''caberraua'' <br> ''caberrade'' <br> ''caberrat'' || ''sesiur'' <br> ''sesietar'' <br> ''sesiedra'' <br> ''sesioura'' <br> ''sesieder'' <br> ''sesiotra'' ||
+|-
+| Pret. Subj. || ''caranne'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carada'' <br> ''carammis'' <br> ''caraui'' <br> ''carates'' || ''bazinne'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazida'' <br> ''bazimmis'' <br> ''baziui'' <br> ''bazites'' || ''caberrenne'' <br> ''caberrida'' <br> ''caberreda'' <br> ''caberremmes'' <br> ''caberreui'' <br> ''caberretes'' || ''sesínne'' <br> ''sesída'' <br> ''sesída'' <br> ''sesímmis'' <br> ''sesíui'' <br> ''sesítes'' ||
+|-
+| Past Ptc. || ''carada'' || ''bazida'' || ''cabréda'' || ''sebida'' ||
+|-
+| Pres Ptc. || ''carat'' || ''bazit'' || ''caberot'' || ''sebit'' ||
+|-
+| Ptc. of Nec. || ''caradoia'' || ''bazidoia'' || ''cabretoia'' || ''sebidoia'' ||
+|}
+A number of irregularities occur in the preterite such as reduplication and ablaut:
+* ''lieú'' "I hear": ''celioú, celioie, celioie, celiououe, celioiede''
+* ''veziu'' "I pray": ''vaza, vaza, vaze, vazaue, vazade, vazar''.
+===Middle Bźatga===
+The orthography of Middle Bźatga changed little from that of Old Bźatga, except that iotisation came to be written:
+* first with a superscript <sup>''i''</sup> after the consonant, e.g. ''Br<sup>i</sup>atga, don<sup>i</sup>ua''
+* then with an apostrophe-like mark or raised vertical line, e.g. ''Br’atga/Br<sup>ι</sup>atga, don’ua/don<sup>ι</sup>ua''
+* finally with an acute accent, e.g. ''Bŕatga, dońua''
+====Nominal Inflection====
+The declension paradigm was affected by syncope and the process of levelling, which merged the Nom. and Acc. classes and often the Gen. and Dat. ones, particularly where identical forms recurred in a single class or where iotisation led to stem-changes.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! !! width="100;" | ''dońa'' "man" !! width="100;" | ''more'' "sea" !! width="100;" | ''prédo'' "shape" !! width="100;" | ''trouda'' "foot" || width="100;" | ''aú'' "river" || width="100;" | ''aua'' "name" || width="100;" | ''ĺeda'' "valley" || width="100;" | ''adir'' "father"
+|-
+| Nsg. ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''dońa'' || rowspan="4;" |  ''more'' || rowspan="4;" | ''prédo'' || rowspan="2;" | ''trouda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aú'' || rowspan="2;" | ''aua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''ĺeda'' || rowspan="2;" | ''adra''
+|-
+| Asg.
+|-
+| Gsg. ||''dońe'' ||  ''trouda, -e'' || ''auna, -e'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''aune'' || ''ĺeďa, -e'' || ''adra, -e''
+|-
+| Dsg. || ''dońu'' || ''troude'' || ''aune'' || ''ĺeďe'' || ''adre''
+|-
+| Npl. || rowspan="2;" | ''dońi'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''mori'' || rowspan="2;" | ''prédue'' || rowspan="2;" | ''troude'' || rowspan="2;" |''aune'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''auni'' || rowspan="2;" | ''ĺeďa, -e'' ||  rowspan="2;" |  ''adre''
+|-
+| Apl.
+|-
+| Gpl. || rowspan="2;" | ''dońua'' || rowspan="2;" | ''morua'' || rowspan="2;" |  ''prédua'' || ''trouda'' || ''auna'' || ''auna'' || ''ĺeďa'' || ''adra''
+|-
+| Dpl. || ''trouda, -ua'' || ''auna, -ua'' || ''auna, -ua'' || ''ĺeda, -ua'' || ''adra, -ua''
+|}
+====Verbal Inflection====
+Syncope initially resulted in a complex verbal system akin to Old Irish, in which verbs with unstressed prefixes such as ''ca-, var-, ab-'' had two different forms: a primary form, used when the verb stood alone (e.g. ''cabére'' "he takes", ''vagánde'' "he plays") and a secondary form used when another prefix was added (e.g. ''nacábre'' "he does not take", ''ravágnade'' "he might play"). Quite quickly, however, the situation was levelled so that the primary form was used throughout but with a shift of stress to the original prefix (e.g. ''nacábere'', ''ravágande'').
+There was also some simplification of the verbal paradigm and, in particular, the reduction of anomalous forms. Weak verbs ending in 1sg pres. ind. ''-ue'' are merged into a single category, following ''caruemi'' and deponent verbs are mainly taken into the ''-ue'' category. The use of pronominal endings becomes increasingly mandatory in non-3rd person forms.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! || colspan="4;" | Active || Passive
+|-
+! !! width="100;" | ''carue'' "I love" !! width="100;" | ''bazue'' "I drown" || ''caberu'' "I take" || width="100;" | ''sebue'' "I follow" || ''caradar'' "is loved"
+|-
+| Pres. Ind. || ''carue(mi)'' <br> ''caŕe(tu)'' <br> ''carde'' <br> ''carua(zni)'' <br> ''carde(zui)'' <br> ''carat'' || ''bazue(mi)'' <br> ''baźe(tu)'' <br> ''bazde'' <br> ''bazua(zni)'' <br> ''bazde(zui)'' <br> ''bazat'' || ''caberu(mi)'' <br> ''cabeŕe(tu)'' <br> ''cabere'' <br> ''caberua(zni)'' <br> ''caberde(zui)'' <br> ''caberot'' || ''sebue(mi)'' <br> ''sebie(tu)'' <br> ''sebde'' <br> ''sebua(zni)'' <br> ''sebde(zui)'' <br> ''sebat'' || - <br> - <br> ''cardar'' <br> - <br> - <br> ''cartar''
+|-
+| Pret. Ind. || ''carsu(mi)'' <br> ''carse(tu)'' <br> ''carse'' <br> ''carse(zni)'' <br> ''carse(zui)'' <br> ''carsot'' || ''bazsu(mi)'' <br> ''bazse(tu)'' <br> ''bazse'' <br> ''bazse(zni)'' <br> ''bazse(zui)'' <br> ''bazsot'' || ''cabretu(mi)'' <br> ''cabrete(tu)'' <br> ''cabrete'' <br> ''cabrete(zni)'' <br> ''cabrete(zui)'' <br> ''cabretot'' || ''sebsu(mi)'' <br> ''sebse(tu)'' <br> ''sebse'' <br> ''sebse(zni)'' <br> ''sebse(zui)'' <br> ''sebsot'' ||
+|-
+| Pres. Subj. || ''cara(mi)'' <br> ''cara(tu)'' <br> ''cara'' <br> ''cara(zni)'' <br> ''cara(zui)'' <br> ''cara(ie)'' || ''baza(mi)'' <br> ''baza(tu)'' <br> ''baza'' <br> ''baza(zni)'' <br> ''baza(zui)'' <br> ''baza(ie)'' || ''cabera(mi)'' <br> ''cabera(tu)'' <br> ''cabera'' <br> ''cabera(zni)'' <br> ''cabera(zui)'' <br> ''cabera(ie)'' || ''seba(mi)'' <br> ''seba(tu)'' <br> ''seba'' <br> ''seba(zni)'' <br> ''seba(zui)'' <br> ''seba(ie)'' ||
+|-
+| Past Ptc. || ''carda'' || ''bazda'' || ''cabréda'' || ''sebda'' ||
+|-
+| Pres Ptc. || ''carat'' || ''bazit'' || ''caberot'' || ''sebit'' ||
+|-
+| Ptc. of Nec. || ''cardoia'' || ''bazdoia'' || ''cabrédoia'' || ''sebdoia'' ||
+|}
+==Phonological History==
+===Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)===
+* '''Short vowels remain in stressed syllables:''' ''a, e, i, o, u''
+* '''Long vowels and diphthongs in stressed syllables:'''
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Proto-Celtic !! Common Brittonic
+|-
+| ''ā, au'' || ''aː''
+|-
+| ''ai'' || ''ɛː''
+|-
+| ''ei'' || ''eː''
+|-
+| ''eu, ou'' || ''ɔː''
+|-
+| ''ī'' || ''iː''
+|-
+| ''oi'' || ''oː''
+|-
+| ''ū'' || ''uː''
+|}
 * '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels'''
-** short vowels lowered
+** short vowels lowered: ''o > ɔ'' (merges with ''a''), ''i'' > ''e'', ''u > o''
 ** long vowels shortened
 * '''Lenition of intervocalic stops, ''m'' & ''s'''''
@@ Line 11: / Line 161: @@
 ** ''m'' > ''ṽ''
 ** ''s'' > ''h''
+** ''st'' > ''ss''
+===Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)===
+Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written.
+* '''Geminate stops and ''ss'' simplified
+** ''dd > d, bb > b, gg > g, tt > t, kk > c''.
 * '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
-** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū''
+** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː''
-** the change indicates that short ''e'' was /ɛ/ and short ''o'' was /ɔ/. The short high vowels ''i'' and ''u'' may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
+* '''Diphthonisation in stressed syllables, except before ''Cj'''''
-* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a'''''
+** ''ɛː > ea > ia''
-** ''ɛː > ia''
+** ''eː > ie''
-** ''ē > ie''
+** ''ɔː > oa > ua'' word-initially
-* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'' and ''-h-'''''
+** ''oː > uo'' word-initially
-** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
+* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'''''
-** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels
+** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)''
-** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' between vowels
+** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels
+** ''ɣC > jC'' (note ''ɣj'' already ''j'')
+** ''Cɣ > Cw, Cj'' depending on the quality of the preceding vowel
+* '''Vocalisation of ''-h-'''''
+** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' before front vowels (''i, e'' etc), ''w'' before ''u'' and is lost before ''a, o''.
+*** ''esa, eso'' > ''iːa, iːo''
+*** ''ese, esi'' > ''ɛːje, ɛːji''
 ** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost
 * '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w''
-** the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by ''β''
+** ''v'' (from PrC. ''b''), ''ṽ'' (from PrC. ''m'') and ''w'' (from PrC. ''w, g, h'') merge into a single sound, probably the bilabial fricative ''β''
+** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C
 ** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C
-** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C
+===Old Bźatga (8th to 12th centuries)===
+Defined as the period from the first written records to the phonemicisation of iotisation.
 * '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC'''
 ** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-''
 * '''Loss of vowel quantity'''
-** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
+** all long vowels become short, creating an 8 vowel system.
 ** ''aː, ɛː, ɔː'' merge with their short counterparts, ''a, ɛ, ɔ''
-** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o''
+** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o'', merging with existing ''ɪ, ʊ'' as ''ê, ô'' (note ''ɪj''V, ''uβ''V become ''ij''V, ''uβ''V.
-** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u'' alongside existing ''ɪ, ʊ''
+** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u''
 ** the new vowel system:
@@ Line 56: / Line 221: @@
 <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
-<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;">ɪ</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
-<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;">ʊ</div>
+<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
@@ Line 99: / Line 264: @@
 |}
-* '''Merger of near-high vowels'''
-** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o''
-** the sequence ''ɪj''V becomes ''ij''V (later ''ia'')
 * '''Iotisation'''
 ** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
 ** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ''
+** also affects ''jr, jn, jl < gC; jt, js < xC''
 ** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m''
 ** ''βj'' remains word-initially but becomes ''j'' medially.
 ** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
-* '''Merger of semivowels
+* '''Merger of semivowels'''
-** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uv'', ''vu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
+** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uβ'', ''βu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u''
 ** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
-** ''ovi'' > ''oi''
+*** Where the ''i'' represents the word stem, it remains, e.g. ''ría > źia''
+*** The sequence ''iu'' becomes ''ju'', e.g. ''liua > ĺua''
+** ''oβi'' > ''oi''
+===Middle Bźatga (12th to 16th centuries)===
+Defined as the period in which syncope phonemicised iotised consonants to the period of renewed contact with the outside world.
 * '''Syncope'''
 ** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
@@ Line 118: / Line 286: @@
 ** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz''
 ** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ''
+===Modern Bźatga (16th century to Present)===
+Following the Middle Bźatga period, phonology has remained fairly stable but there has been a significant amount of analogical levelling in the inflectional paradigms, along with a considerable growth in borrowed words, particularly of a scientific and technological nature. The modern period also saw the replacement of the archaic, formal written language with a vernacular form and the creation of the modern spelling system.
 ====Examples====
@@ Line 123: / Line 294: @@
 |-
 ! Brythonic
-| wisanteinos
+| wesanteinos
 | brigantiːnos
 |-
 ! Monopthongisation
-| wisanteːnos
+| wesanteːnos
 | brigantiːnos
 |-
 ! Vowel reduction
-| wisanteːnəs
+| wesanteːnəs
 | brigantiːnəs
 |-
 ! Lenition
-| wihanteːnəs
+| wehanteːnəs
 | briɣantiːnəs
 |-
 ! Comp. Lengthening
-| wihaːteːnəs
+| wehaːteːnəs
 | briɣaːtiːnəs
 |-
 ! Diphthonisation
-| wihaːtienəs
+| wehaːtienəs
 |
 |-
 ! Vocalisation of ɣ, h
-| wijaːtienə
+| wiːaːtienə
 | brijaːtiːnə
 |-
 ! Merger of v, ṽ, w
-| βijaːtienə
+| βiːaːtienə
 |
 |-
@@ Line 159: / Line 330: @@
 |-
 ! Loss of vowel quantity
-| βijatienə
+| βiatienə
 | brijatinə
 |-
@@ Line 167: / Line 338: @@
 |-
 ! Iotisation
-| βijaćenə
+| βiaćenə
+|
 |-
 ! Merger of semivowels

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Bźatga/History (view source)

Revision as of 16:07, 17 April 2021