Verse:Lõis/Indo-Iranian languages: Difference between revisions
(Speculative Indo-Iranian conlangs; not part of a conworld) |
|||
| (14 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
==Mitanni== | ==Mitanni== | ||
| Line 24: | Line 23: | ||
śarwas əɣzitam ~ śravaḥ akṣitaṃ (thorn clusters can be voiced!) | śarwas əɣzitam ~ śravaḥ akṣitaṃ (thorn clusters can be voiced!) | ||
===Morphology=== | |||
Mitanni uses prepositions, like [[Ancient Cubrite]], rather than postpositions. Many of them are cognate with Latin, Greek or Slavic prepositions. | |||
<!-- ==Sanskrit== | <!-- ==Sanskrit== | ||
| Line 65: | Line 68: | ||
==Middle Persian== | ==Middle Persian== | ||
One Middle Persian dialect in Lõis has a retroflex glissando liquid /ɭ͢d̪/ from PIIr *rd, instead of /l/ as in other dialects: '' | One Middle Persian dialect in Lõis has a retroflex glissando liquid /ɭ͢d̪/ from PIIr *rd, instead of /l/ as in other dialects: ''vaḷd-i-ḷdāḷd'' "red rose". Naušahri descends from this dialect, and ḷd reflexes as /ð/: ''vađ đođ'' /vað ðoð/. | ||
Late Middle Persian in Lõis has | Late Middle Persian in Lõis has different phonological innovations from Modern Persian in our timeline, like most words reflex w as v. | ||
==Persian dialects== | ==Persian dialects== | ||
===Naušahri=== | ===Naušahri=== | ||
The most commonly spoken descendant of Middle Persian in Lõis, Naušahri (from '' | The most commonly spoken descendant of Middle Persian in Lõis, Naušahri (from ''Nəušahr'' meaning Newton), is part of the Levantine sprachbund and is an official language of Newton. It's most commonly written in the Latin, Avestan and Hebrew alphabets. | ||
Phonology: a ā i ī u ū ai au -> a o | Phonology: a ā i ī u ū ē ō ai au -> a o ɛ i ø u e øy e øy | ||
Plurals usually are formed with the ending -o (from Middle Persian -ān, from Old Persian -ānām), but loanwords as in our timeline can be pluralized as in the source languages. Archaic dialects use -on instead. The most common source of loanwords is | Plurals usually are formed with the ending -o (from Middle Persian -ān, from Old Persian -ānām), but loanwords as in our timeline can be pluralized as in the source languages. Archaic dialects use -on instead. The most common source of loanwords is An Bhlaoighne, followed by Avestan, Greek, Cubrite and English. | ||
The verbal system of Naušahri is similar to our timeline's Tajik. It uses the auxiliary ''stodan'' (to stand) for the present progressive, unlike other Levantine sprachbund languages. | The verbal system of Naušahri is similar to our timeline's Tajik. It uses the auxiliary ''stodan'' (to stand) for the present progressive, unlike other Levantine sprachbund languages. | ||
| Line 81: | Line 84: | ||
Naušahri is strictly SVO, unlike our timeline's Persian (but it may be OSV for emphasis), and got rid of grammatical case; the accusative case ending ''-ro'' shifted to a topicalization suffix. | Naušahri is strictly SVO, unlike our timeline's Persian (but it may be OSV for emphasis), and got rid of grammatical case; the accusative case ending ''-ro'' shifted to a topicalization suffix. | ||
The particle ''e'' is used with noun-noun compounds but not with adjectives modifying nouns: '' | The particle ''e'' is used with noun-noun compounds but not with adjectives modifying nouns: ''šår buzurg'' (big city) but ''gurbe-ye daust-e man'' (my friend's cat). | ||
Latest revision as of 14:14, 28 August 2021
Mitanni
As in our timeline, there are two extant branches of Indo-Iranian but instead of Sanskrit and Indic there's a fictional branch inspired by a weird reading of cuneiform Mitanni. It was spoken in the ancient Arab world, and later in Ethiopia and Eritrea as a classical language.
Mitanni was heavily influenced by Ancient Cubrite.
- no RUKI
- Grassmann's law is absent; the stops bh dh ĵh ǰh gh are pronounced as /v ð ʑ z ɣ/
- ĉ -> normative tɕ (in actuality ɕ), č -> ts
- Cr clusters get epenthesized or metathesized
- syllabic nasals become a vowel /ə/ distinct from /a/; syllabic r is pronounced /əɾ/
- there's no /l/ and no retroflexes
- ai āi au āu are retained
Examples
Piryamazðā ~ Priyamedhā
Suvanðu ~ Subandhu
Twaisaratʰa ~ Tveṣaratha
śarwas əɣzitam ~ śravaḥ akṣitaṃ (thorn clusters can be voiced!)
Morphology
Mitanni uses prepositions, like Ancient Cubrite, rather than postpositions. Many of them are cognate with Latin, Greek or Slavic prepositions.
Avestan
Same as in our timeline
Middle Persian
One Middle Persian dialect in Lõis has a retroflex glissando liquid /ɭ͢d̪/ from PIIr *rd, instead of /l/ as in other dialects: vaḷd-i-ḷdāḷd "red rose". Naušahri descends from this dialect, and ḷd reflexes as /ð/: vađ đođ /vað ðoð/.
Late Middle Persian in Lõis has different phonological innovations from Modern Persian in our timeline, like most words reflex w as v.
Persian dialects
Naušahri
The most commonly spoken descendant of Middle Persian in Lõis, Naušahri (from Nəušahr meaning Newton), is part of the Levantine sprachbund and is an official language of Newton. It's most commonly written in the Latin, Avestan and Hebrew alphabets.
Phonology: a ā i ī u ū ē ō ai au -> a o ɛ i ø u e øy e øy
Plurals usually are formed with the ending -o (from Middle Persian -ān, from Old Persian -ānām), but loanwords as in our timeline can be pluralized as in the source languages. Archaic dialects use -on instead. The most common source of loanwords is An Bhlaoighne, followed by Avestan, Greek, Cubrite and English.
The verbal system of Naušahri is similar to our timeline's Tajik. It uses the auxiliary stodan (to stand) for the present progressive, unlike other Levantine sprachbund languages.
Naušahri is strictly SVO, unlike our timeline's Persian (but it may be OSV for emphasis), and got rid of grammatical case; the accusative case ending -ro shifted to a topicalization suffix.
The particle e is used with noun-noun compounds but not with adjectives modifying nouns: šår buzurg (big city) but gurbe-ye daust-e man (my friend's cat).