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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Tulvan | |name = Tulvan | ||
|nativename = Tulvan | |nativename = Tulvan | ||
|creator = [[User:Nicomega|Nicolás Campi]] | |creator = [[User:Nicomega|Nicolás Campi]] | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = 'tul.van | ||
|setting = Earth-like planet | |ethnicity = Varied | ||
|region = | |setting = Earth-like planet, alternate Earth | ||
|region = Undetermined | |||
| | | created = 2010 | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = isolate | ||
|fam1 = Tulvanic | |fam1 = Tulvanic | ||
|fam2 = Proto-Tulvan | |fam2 = Proto-Tulvan | ||
| | |script1 = Latn | ||
| notice = ipa | |||
|ancestor = Old Tulvan | |||
|priori= | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tulvan''', [ˈtul.van], is an [[a priori]] artlang developed to be spoken by humans of an Earth-like planet of an imaginary time-line. It showcases a very degraded noun morphology, erosion of compounds, relexification and other such traits. A particular characteristic is that words have become more and more specific in their meanings, thus countering a leveling in morphology with a diversification in semantics. The speakers of Tulvan are thought to be in a post-apogee civilization that values culture and scientific knowledge above all, although they still retain some superstitions in their culture. | '''Tulvan''', [ˈtul.van], is an [[a priori]] [[artistic language|artlang]] developed to be spoken by humans of an Earth-like planet of an imaginary time-line. It showcases a very degraded noun morphology, erosion of compounds, relexification and other such traits. A particular characteristic is that words have become more and more specific in their meanings, thus countering a leveling in morphology with a diversification in semantics. The speakers of Tulvan are thought to be in a post-apogee civilization that values culture and scientific knowledge above all, although they still retain some superstitions in their culture. | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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==Name== | ==Name== | ||
The native speakers of the language believe the name Tulvan to derive directly from their word 'tulv' meaning "to think", stating that their language is the best and most efficient way to express thought. This is, of course, highly unlikely, and many experts consider it just a case of folk etymology. The origin of the root of the name is unknown, although archaeological and liguistic studies point towards the ancient use of the endonym Tuluan and the region called Tuluanna as more possible and credible sources of the name. The exact meaning of it remains, as of yet, undetermined. | The native speakers of the language believe the name Tulvan to derive directly from their word 'tulv' meaning "to think", stating that their language is the best and most efficient way to express thought. This is, of course, highly unlikely, and many experts consider it just a case of folk etymology. The origin of the root of the name is unknown, although archaeological and liguistic studies point towards the ancient use of the endonym Tuluan and the region called Tuluanna as more possible and credible sources of the name. The exact meaning of it remains, as of yet, undetermined. | ||
==Orthography== | |||
The alphabet consists of 25 letters, five of which are vowels and 20 consonants. Diacritics are used for the vowels to mark palatization. | |||
<center> | |||
{| class="bluetable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;" | |||
! colspan="25" | Letters of the Tulvan alphabet | |||
|- | |||
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Tt || Thth || Uu || Vv || Ww || Yy || Zz | |||
|} | |||
</center> | |||
The five vowels can further be marked with the diaeresis to express the palatalized vowels. These, however, are not considered distinct letters, but modified vowels. | |||
<center> | |||
{| class="bluetable" style="width: 15em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;" | |||
! colspan="5" | Palatal vowels | |||
|- | |||
| Ää || Ëë || Ïï || Öö || Üü | |||
|} | |||
</center> | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The phonology of Tulvan is not particularly complicated by design. It possesses no affricates or sibilant fricatives, and the velar fricative | The phonology of Tulvan is not particularly complicated by design. It possesses no affricates or sibilant fricatives, and the velar fricative {{angbr|c}} {{IPA|[x]}} is becoming indistinguishable from the velar stop {{angbr|k}} {{IPA|[k]}} in most dialects. The language distinguishes between simple vowels {{angbr|a, e, i, o, u}} and palatalized vowels {{angbr|ä, ë, ï, ö, ü}}, the latter ones not unlike those in Russian or other Slavic languages. | ||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
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! style="width: 68px; " |Velar | ! style="width: 68px; " |Velar | ||
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular | ! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular | ||
! style="width: | ! style="width: 158px; " |Labio-Velar | ||
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal | ! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| k g | | k g | ||
| q | | q | ||
| kʷ gʷ | | kʷ {{angbr|kw}} gʷ {{angbr|gw}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Fricative | ! style="" |Fricative | ||
| f v | | f v | ||
| th | | θ {{angbr|th}} | ||
| | | | ||
| c | | x {{angbr|c}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | xʷ {{angbr|cw}} | ||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| nʷ | | nʷ {{angbr|nw}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| y | | j {{angbr|y}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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'''Notes''': | '''Notes''': | ||
* Since labialized consonants are written just like the IPA reading but with a regular w, they are not repeated. | * Since labialized consonants are written just like the IPA reading but with a regular w, they are not repeated. | ||
* In modern times, many dialects merge the consonants | * In modern times, many dialects merge the consonants {{angbr|c, q, k}} into a single {{IPA|/k/}} phoneme. Some varieties, however, preserve the {{angbr|c}} vs {{angbr|k}} distinction through a voicing contrast, featuring {{IPA|/kʰ/}} for {{angbr|c}} and {{IPA|/k/}} for {{angbr|k}}. | ||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
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'''Notes''': | '''Notes''': | ||
* The only distinction in vowels is between regular vowels and palatized ones, these last ones written: | * The only distinction in vowels is between regular vowels and palatized ones, these last ones written: {{angbr|ä, ë, ö, ü}} | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Tulvan is a mostly analytical language, but some remnants of an older case system still remain, for example, in the accusative of nouns. Both pronouns and nouns are inflected for accusative, there's also an adjectival prefix i- to form adjectives from nouns and pronouns. In the case of pronouns they serve to create the possessive adjectives for each person. | Tulvan is a mostly analytical language, but some remnants of an older case system still remain, for example, in the accusative of nouns. Both pronouns and nouns are inflected for accusative, there's also an adjectival prefix '''i-''' to form adjectives from nouns and pronouns. In the case of pronouns they serve to create the possessive adjectives for each person. | ||
The accusative is used in nouns to mark the direct object of a verb. The mark of the accusative in Tulvan is the affix '''-u'''. It can sometimes behave as a suffix and sometimes as a prefix. This phenomenon is called ''allotaxy'', and is phonetically conditioned by the letter in which the previous word ends or the next word begins with, wether it is a consonant or a vowel to avoid a combination of C-C or V-V. | The accusative is used in nouns to mark the direct object of a verb. The mark of the accusative in Tulvan is the affix '''-u'''. It can sometimes behave as a suffix and sometimes as a prefix. This phenomenon is called ''allotaxy'', and is phonetically conditioned by the letter in which the previous word ends or the next word begins with, wether it is a consonant or a vowel to avoid a combination of C-C or V-V. | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Tulvan distinguishes between first person singular absolutive and ergative. This differentiation is employed when dealing with transitive/intransitive verbs but also with regards to volition. Commonly the first person singular ergative is used to indicate volition or intention with certain verbs. | Tulvan distinguishes between first person singular absolutive and ergative. This differentiation is employed when dealing with transitive/intransitive verbs but also with regards to volition. Commonly the first person singular ergative is used to indicate volition or intention with certain verbs. | ||
* ''Lev '''kem''' uroth''. "I see a woman". (i.e. I see there is a woman as I pass by or in general) | |||
* ''Lev '''kwam''' uroth''. "I see a woman". (i.e. I'm looking at the woman, even sometimes it can mean that you are staring at her) | |||
Other pronouns don't really have this duality, this is rationalized in Tulvan grammars as being because only oneself can know if you intend to do something or not. Even though this is so, modern Tulvan developed a clitic particle to denote ergativity in other pronouns. The pronouns are as follow: | Other pronouns don't really have this duality, this is rationalized in Tulvan grammars as being because only oneself can know if you intend to do something or not. Even though this is so, modern Tulvan developed a clitic particle to denote ergativity in other pronouns. The pronouns are as follow: | ||
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! !! Singular !! Plural | ! !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''1st person''' || kwam/kem || kemen | | '''1st person''' || [[Contionary:kwam|kwam]]/[[Contionary:kem|kem]] || [[Contionary:kemen|kemen]] | ||
|- | |||
| '''2nd person''' || [[Contionary:mem|mem]] || [[Contionary:memen|memen]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''3rd person''' || [[Contionary:tot|tot]] (m.), [[Contionary:teg|teg]] (f.) || [[Contionary:toten|toten]], [[Contionary:tegen#Tulvan|tegen]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Reflexive''' || [[Contionary:sim|sim]] || [[Contionary:simen|simen]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that the first person has no plural for the volitional form, i.e. there is no such thing as ''**kwamen''. | Note that the first person has no plural for the volitional form, i.e. there is no such thing as ''**kwamen''. | ||
The particle used to denote violition in those pronouns which didn't use to have a volitional duality is -e. | The particle used to denote violition in those pronouns which didn't use to have a volitional duality is -'''e'''. | ||
====Possession==== | ====Possession==== | ||
The possessive pronouns are expressed by using the absolutive pronouns with the adjectival prefix '''i-'''. | |||
{| class="bluetable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| '''1st person''' || '''i'''kem, ''my'' || '''i'''kemen, ''our'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''2nd person''' || '''i'''mem, ''your'' || '''i'''memen, ''your (plural)'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''3rd person''' || '''i'''tot (m.), '''i'''teg (f.), ''his, her'' || '''i'''toten, '''i'''tegen, ''their (m.), their (f.)'' | |||
|} | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
==== ni: Time particle ==== | |||
The time particle ''ni'' is used in Tulvan as a locative for notions of time. Technically it has no equivalent in English, but can generally be translated by "''in, at''" referring to time periods. However, the particle is very idiosyncratic. For example, in an expression such as "it's night-time" you'd use the particle introducing the word for "night": | |||
*'''Ëv ni nari.''' "It's night-time." | |||
or | |||
*'''Ëv ni wen ikem.''' "It's my day." | |||
These two show situations where the particle ''ni'' has no translation but must to be used before introducing a period of time, just like in the common greeing "'''trum ni nari'''" or "''goodnight''". Notice that here the particle has no particular meaning other than being required to talk about time. In the following example, however, the particle can be roughly translated by the English "in": | |||
*'''Kalev vu kwam mem ''ni'' oren yulen.''' "I haven't seen you in a thousand years." | |||
Notice that the particle ''ni'' has no strict meaning, thus for actual specifications of beginning or end, postpositions will be necessary: | |||
E.g.: | |||
*'''Ni wen ''gim'' ni nari ''cum''.''' "From day to night." | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
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<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||
* [[:Category:Tulvan words|Tulvan Vocabulary page]] | * [[:Category:Tulvan words|Tulvan Vocabulary page]] | ||
* [[User:Nicomega/TulvanDictionary|Tulvan Wordlist]] | |||
[[Category:Tulvan]] | [[Category:Tulvan]] | ||
[[Category:User:Nicomega]] | [[Category:User:Nicomega]] | ||
{{art}} | |||