Kandi/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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==What it says on the tin==
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsible" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
A collection of glossed interlinears in the [[Tsan]] language.
|-
 
! colspan="7"|Alienable and inalienable affixes
===Predicative complements===
|-
====Simple predicative expressions====
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|<small>person</small> →
In Tsan, the predicative complement of an expression is equivalent to the predicate itself. All content words are predicates in their own right, due to a stative suffix, which has parallels in the English copula. The stative is a null suffix in the third person proximate homus, and the person and number congruate with the subject, whilst the gender congruates with the topic. The subject can also be marked independently.
! scope="col"|1
 
! scope="col"|2
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
! scope="col"|3.PROX (3)
|script = ᎧᏊ
! scope="col"|3.OBV (4)
|phrase = katsa
! scope="col"|0
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sa]
|-
| morphemes = katsa-∅
| ''-w-''
| gloss = songbird.N-STAT.3SG.PROX.HO
| ''-k-''
| translation = It is a songbird.
| -
| index = 1
| ''-y-''
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
| ''-h-''
|script = ᎧᏊᏪ:
|-
|phrase = katsawí
! colspan="7"|Alienable
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sajiɨ̯]
|-
| morphemes = katsa-w-í
! scope="row"|<small>same</small>
| gloss = songbird.N-1-STAT.HE
| rowspan="2"|''-uni-''
| translation = I am a songbird.
| rowspan="2"| ''wuni-''
| index = 2
| rowspan="2"| ''kuni-''
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
| rowspan="2"|''uni-''
|script = ᎧᏊᎲ:Ꮁ
| rowspan="2"|''yuni-''
|phrase = katsakín
| rowspan="2"|''huni-''
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sakẽː]
|-
| morphemes = katsa-kí-n
! scope="row"|<small>different</small>
| gloss = songbird.N-2-STAT.HE-PL
|-
| translation = You are songbirds.
! scope="row"|<small>plural</small>
| index = 3
| colspan="6" rowspan="1"| Suffixing of ''-n''
}}
|-
 
! colspan="7"|Inalienable
====Predicative nominatives====
|-
If the subject of the expression is stated independently, it is marked with a specifier, (SPEC), which roughly translates as the English relative determiner ''that which'', or the construction ''it is […] that is […]''. The post-vocalic form is ''–n'' and the post-consonantal form is ''–i''.
! scope="row"|<small>same</small>
 
| rowspan="2"|''-yu-''
 
| rowspan="2"|''wyu-''
The predicative complement, or predicate, agrees with the topic. The topic, most often the subject, is marked with the third person singular homus suffix, as well as the specifier.
| rowspan="2"|''kyu-''
 
| rowspan="2"|''yu-''
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
| rowspan="2"|''yu-''
|script = ᎭᎱ ᎧᏊᏪ:
| rowspan="2"|''hyu-''
|phrase = wan katsawí
|-
|IPA = [ɰʌ̃ʔ ˈkat͡sajiɨ̯]
! scope="row"|<small>different</small>
| morphemes = wa-∅-n katsa-w-í
|-
| gloss = 1SG.M-3.HO-SPEC songbird.N-1-STAT.HE
! scope="row"|<small>plural</small>
| translation = I am a songbird.
| colspan="6" rowspan="1"|Partial reduplication of inalienable prefix ''CV- > CVCV-''
| index = 2.5
|}
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script = Ꮡ:Ꮾ ᏡᎪᏕ:
|phrase = yúni tsháatlí
|IPA = [ˈʝʊ̃β̞i ˈt͡ɕaːt͡ɬiɨ̯]
| morphemes = yún-∅-i tsháatli-í
| gloss = John.M-3.HO-SPEC nice.N-3.HE
| translation = John is nice.
| index = 2.6
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script = Ꮡ:Ꮾ ᎪᏌᎪ
|phrase = yúni anda
|IPA = [ˈʝʊ̃β̞i ˈʌ̃tʼa]
| morphemes = yún-∅-i anda-∅
| gloss = John.M-3.HO-SPEC man.M-3.HO
| translation = John is a man.
| index = 2.7
}}
 
====Predicative accusatives====
Tsan has one copula, and one copula only.  In English you may find a variety of related verbs with similar function to the main copula ''to be''; for example ''to feel'', ''to seem'' and ''to become''. In Tsan, the semantics of these verbs are all conveyed by means of modifying the copula with evidentials, mood markers, applicatives and other constructions.
 
Typically, what may be percieved as an increase in valency is marked with the copula and an appropriate applicative-like affix. The former subject is always demoted to the object or patient.
 
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script = Ꮡ:Ꮾ Ꮝ:ᎪᎭᏌ:
|phrase = yóni sáayandá
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi saːˈʝʌ̃tʼaː]
| morphemes = yón-∅-i sáay-anda-∅
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC 3PL.REP-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = They call John a man.
| index = 2.8
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =  
|phrase = yóni wandátsu
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi β̞atʼaːt͡su]
| morphemes = yón-∅-i <wúu>-anda-∅<tsu>
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC <1SG.CAUS>-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO-<1SG.CAUS>
| translation = I made John a man.
| index = 2.9
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = sáayayómbá
|IPA = /saːʝaˈʝɒ̃pʼaː/
| morphemes = sáaya-yón-wá
| gloss = 3PL.REP-man.N-1SG.HO
| translation = They call me a man.
| index = 2.10
}}
===Intransitive clauses===
When you accept that two content words in a predicative expression co-function as predicate and subject, it is not difficult to imagine other clauses with one core argument. The simplest are the corresponding English intransitive clauses. Tsan makes an important dichotomy between stative and dynamic content words.
 
====Stative clauses====
Stative predicates, such as ''to hang'', ''to lie'', ''to be on fire'', ''to taste like'' and ''to know'' are almost exclusively expressed by means of the copula suffix. See also [[Tsan#Predicative complements|predicative complements]], which is an equivalent interpretation.
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =  
|phrase = tátshuyi kákawiká
|IPA = [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝi ka:ˈk͡xajika:]
| morphemes = tátshuy-∅-i kákawi-ká
| gloss = guard.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC fire.N-3SG.OBV.HO
| translation = The guard is burning [up].
| index = 3.11
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = téndatshiwí...
|IPA = [tə̃ːtʼaˈt͡ɕijiː]
| morphemes = ténda-tshi-wí
| gloss = knowing.N-DUB-1SG.HE
| translation = I am not sure I know.
| index = 3.12
}}
 
====Dynamic clauses====
Dynamic predicatives on the other hand, including '' to run'', ''to lay'', ''to put on fire'', ''to savour'',  and ''to learn'', are formed with a conjugating dynamic prefix, acting in the same manner as the copula.
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = tátshuyi yáakákawi
|IPA = [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝi ʝa:ˈka:k͡xaji]
| morphemes = tátshuy-∅-i yáa-kákawi
| gloss = guard.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-fire.N
| translation = The guard is burning [something].
| index = 3.13
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =  
|phrase = wáaténdatshi...
|IPA = [ɰa:tə̃ːtʼaˈt͡ɕi]
| morphemes = wáa-ténda-tshi
| gloss = DYN.1SG.HE-knowing.N-DUB
| translation = I am not sure I learn [anything].
| index = 3.14
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =  
|phrase = yáanti katsan
|IPA = [ʝaːˈʔani ˈkat͡sʌ̃]
| morphemes = yáa-anti katsa-∅-n
| gloss = DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-walking.N songbird.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
| translation = The songbird walks.
| index = 3.15
}}
 
====Flexibility of arguments and predicates====
It is in these dynamic and static clauses that Tsan first exhibits its flexibility of arguments. By simply switching the prefixes of the content words, the meaning is reversed or changed drastically.
{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = tátshuyá kákawin
|IPA = [ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝa: ˈka:k͡xajẽ]
| morphemes = tátshuy-∅ kákawi-n
| gloss = guard.N-3SG.OBV.HO fire.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
| translation = The fire is a guard.
| index = 3.16
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =
|phrase = yáatátshuy kákawin
|IPA = [ʝa:ˈta:t͡ɕʊʝ ˈka:k͡xajẽ]
| morphemes = yáa-tátshuy kákawi-n
| gloss = DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-guard.N fire.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
| translation = The fire is a guard.
| index = 3.17
}}{{Scriptgloss/indexable
|script =  
|phrase = yáakatsa antin
|IPA = [ʝaːˈk͡xat͡sa ˈʔanẽ ]
| morphemes = yáah-katsa anti-∅-n
| gloss = DYN.3SG.OBV.HO-songbird.N walking.N-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC
| translation = *The walk songbirds.
| index = 3.18
}}
 
==What's actually inside==
==What's actually inside==


Revision as of 11:08, 18 July 2014

Alienable and inalienable affixes
person → 1 2 3.PROX (3) 3.OBV (4) 0
-w- -k- - -y- -h-
Alienable
same -uni- wuni- kuni- uni- yuni- huni-
different
plural Suffixing of -n
Inalienable
same -yu- wyu- kyu- yu- yu- hyu-
different
plural Partial reduplication of inalienable prefix CV- > CVCV-

What's actually inside

  • ᎭᎪᏨ:ᏡᎲᏙᏙᏔᏋᎹ ᎪᏫᏢᎭᎹ:ᎰᎱ;
    yáasúweyikukúusima awushuyamátin?
    [ʝaːsuβ̞ɛʝikuˈkuːβ̞sẽʔa aβ̞uɕuʝʌ̃ˈʔaːtẽ]

    Is that moose crying herring?

(-)

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