User:Chrysophylax/Phonology: Difference between revisions

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==Evolution from Proto-Indo-European==
Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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(This needs through-thinking when less tired. Why would we let *H -> vowel after a vowel? Isn't it easier to just > ø and lengthen vowel to compensate?)
(This needs through-thinking when less tired. Why would we let *H -> vowel after a vowel? Isn't it easier to just > ø and lengthen vowel to compensate?)
##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences ''-h₃w-'', ''-gH-'', which change to ''-gw-'', ''-gʰ-'' respectively.
##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences  
##:''énen'' ‘name’ < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-''  
##:''énen'' ‘name’ < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-''  
##:''biphos'' ‘alive’ < EPH ''*gʷigwós'' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wós''
##:''biphos'' ‘alive’ < EPH ''*gʷigwós'' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wós''
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-->
-->
#ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX
#ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX
#Exceptions: ''-h₃w-'', ''-gH-'' → ''-gw-'', ''-gʰ-''.
====Short vowels====
====Short vowels====
#The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE ''*o'' to u and a diphthongisation of IE ''*e'' in some phonological contexts.
#The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE ''*o'' to u and a diphthongisation of IE ''*e'' in some phonological contexts.
##IE ''*a'' was preserved as ''a''
##IE ''*a'' was preserved as ''a''
##IE ''*o'' was preserved as ''o'' except between a resonant and a labial where it was raised to ''u''.
##IE ''*o'' was preserved as ''o'' except R_Cʷ where it was raised to ''u''.
##:''bori'' ‘hill’ < IE ''*gʷor̥''
##:''bori'' ‘hill’ < IE ''*gʷor̥''
##:''nyps'' ‘night’ < EPH ''*núpts'' < IE ''*nókʷts''
##:''nyps'' ‘night’ < EPH ''*núpts'' < IE ''*nókʷts''
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##EPH ''*e'' would later diphthongise into ''je'' between a resonant and a consonant.
##EPH ''*e'' would later diphthongise into ''je'' between a resonant and a consonant.
##:''khirjéthōi'' ‘harder’ < LPH ''*χĭrjéθōi''  < EPH ''*χrétʲōi'' < IE ''*kret-yō-s''
##:''khirjéthōi'' ‘harder’ < LPH ''*χĭrjéθōi''  < EPH ''*χrétʲōi'' < IE ''*kret-yō-s''
##IE ''*i'' yields ''i''.
##IE ''*i'' yields ''i'' except after a labial and before a consonant where it becomes ''e''.
##:''limpimos'' ‘we allow’ < EPH ''*linpimós'' < IE ''*linkʷm̥ós''
##:''limpimos'' ‘we allow’ < EPH ''*linpimós'' < IE ''*linkʷm̥ós''
##:''pes'' ‘who’ < IE ''*kʷis''
##IE ''*u'' was preserved as ''u''
##IE ''*u'' was preserved as ''u''
====Long vowels====
====Long vowels====
#The IE long vowels are well preserved, if not always in the original form.
##IE ''*ā'' → ''ā''
##IE ''*ē'' → ''ē''
##IE ''*ī'' → EPH ''*ī'' → ''i''
##IE ''*ō'' → ''ō''
##IE ''*ū'' → EPH ''*u̯i'' → ''y''
====Diphthongs====
#The IE system of diphthongs was fully preserved in the earliest stages of the language but would later be much simplified.
##IE ''*ai'' → ''ai''
##IE ''*oi'' → ''ai''
##IE ''*ei'' → ''ei''
##IE ''*au'' → ''au''
##IE ''*ou'' → ''au''
##IE ''*eu'' → ''ū~eu''
##IE ''*Vi̯'' (where V is a long vowel) → ''V''
===Sonorants===
##Both nasal ''*ṃ'' ''*ṇ'' become EPH ''*a''.
##:''áphros'' ‘storm cloud’ < EPH ''aphrós'' < PIE ''*n̥bʰrós''
##:''káton'' ‘a hundred’ < EPH ''katóm'' < PIE ''*ḱm̥tóm''
##Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes.
###''*ri'' appears before ''*s'' ''*ʃ'' ''*tʲ''
###''*ir'' appears before all other consonants.
###''*al'' appears before other sonorants.
###''*la'' before all other stops.
##Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged
###''*y'' → EPH ''*j'', EPH ''*Cʲ'' in C_V, and ''*i̯-'' → ''*dj-''
###:''drū́j'' ‘to the tree’ < EPH ''dreuej'' < ''*dr-éw-ey'' dat. sg. of ''*dóru''
###:''thōránā'' ‘season’ < EPH ''djōranā́'' < IE ''yōr-mṇ-ā̬́''

Latest revision as of 23:34, 20 July 2014

Evolution from Proto-Indo-European

Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage.

Phonology

Vowels

Vocalisation of laryngeals

  1. ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX
  2. Exceptions: -h₃w-, -gH- → -gw-, -gʰ-.

Short vowels

  1. The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE *o to u and a diphthongisation of IE *e in some phonological contexts.
    1. IE *a was preserved as a
    2. IE *o was preserved as o except R_Cʷ where it was raised to u.
      bori ‘hill’ < IE *gʷor̥
      nyps ‘night’ < EPH *núpts < IE *nókʷts
    3. IE *e was preserved initially as e.
      thémmi ‘I say’ < IE *ḱéh₁mi
    4. EPH *e would later diphthongise into je between a resonant and a consonant.
      khirjéthōi ‘harder’ < LPH *χĭrjéθōi < EPH *χrétʲōi < IE *kret-yō-s
    5. IE *i yields i except after a labial and before a consonant where it becomes e.
      limpimos ‘we allow’ < EPH *linpimós < IE *linkʷm̥ós
      pes ‘who’ < IE *kʷis
    6. IE *u was preserved as u

Long vowels

  1. The IE long vowels are well preserved, if not always in the original form.
    1. IE *ā → ā
    2. IE *ē → ē
    3. IE *ī → EPH *ī → i
    4. IE *ō → ō
    5. IE *ū → EPH *u̯i → y

Diphthongs

  1. The IE system of diphthongs was fully preserved in the earliest stages of the language but would later be much simplified.
    1. IE *ai → ai
    2. IE *oi → ai
    3. IE *ei → ei
    4. IE *au → au
    5. IE *ou → au
    6. IE *eu → ū~eu
    7. IE *Vi̯ (where V is a long vowel) → V

Sonorants

    1. Both nasal *ṃ *ṇ become EPH *a.
      áphros ‘storm cloud’ < EPH aphrós < PIE *n̥bʰrós
      káton ‘a hundred’ < EPH katóm < PIE *ḱm̥tóm
    2. Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes.
      1. *ri appears before *s *ʃ *tʲ
      2. *ir appears before all other consonants.
      3. *al appears before other sonorants.
      4. *la before all other stops.
    3. Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged
      1. *y → EPH *j, EPH *Cʲ in C_V, and *i̯- → *dj-
        drū́j ‘to the tree’ < EPH dreuej < *dr-éw-ey dat. sg. of *dóru
        thōránā ‘season’ < EPH djōranā́ < IE yōr-mṇ-ā̬́
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