User:Chrysophylax/Phonology: Difference between revisions
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==Evolution from Proto-Indo-European== | |||
Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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(This needs through-thinking when less tired. Why would we let *H -> vowel after a vowel? Isn't it easier to just > ø and lengthen vowel to compensate?) | (This needs through-thinking when less tired. Why would we let *H -> vowel after a vowel? Isn't it easier to just > ø and lengthen vowel to compensate?) | ||
##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences | ##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences | ||
##:''énen'' ‘name’ < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-'' | ##:''énen'' ‘name’ < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-'' | ||
##:''biphos'' ‘alive’ < EPH ''*gʷigwós'' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wós'' | ##:''biphos'' ‘alive’ < EPH ''*gʷigwós'' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wós'' | ||
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--> | --> | ||
#ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX | #ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX | ||
#Exceptions: ''-h₃w-'', ''-gH-'' → ''-gw-'', ''-gʰ-''. | |||
====Short vowels==== | ====Short vowels==== | ||
#The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE ''*o'' to u and a diphthongisation of IE ''*e'' in some phonological contexts. | #The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE ''*o'' to u and a diphthongisation of IE ''*e'' in some phonological contexts. | ||
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##IE ''*eu'' → ''ū~eu'' | ##IE ''*eu'' → ''ū~eu'' | ||
##IE ''*Vi̯'' (where V is a long vowel) → ''V'' | ##IE ''*Vi̯'' (where V is a long vowel) → ''V'' | ||
===Sonorants=== | |||
##Both nasal ''*ṃ'' ''*ṇ'' become EPH ''*a''. | |||
##:''áphros'' ‘storm cloud’ < EPH ''aphrós'' < PIE ''*n̥bʰrós'' | |||
##:''káton'' ‘a hundred’ < EPH ''katóm'' < PIE ''*ḱm̥tóm'' | |||
##Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes. | |||
###''*ri'' appears before ''*s'' ''*ʃ'' ''*tʲ'' | |||
###''*ir'' appears before all other consonants. | |||
###''*al'' appears before other sonorants. | |||
###''*la'' before all other stops. | |||
##Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged | |||
###''*y'' → EPH ''*j'', EPH ''*Cʲ'' in C_V, and ''*i̯-'' → ''*dj-'' | |||
###:''drū́j'' ‘to the tree’ < EPH ''dreuej'' < ''*dr-éw-ey'' dat. sg. of ''*dóru'' | |||
###:''thōránā'' ‘season’ < EPH ''djōranā́'' < IE ''yōr-mṇ-ā̬́'' | |||
Latest revision as of 23:34, 20 July 2014
Evolution from Proto-Indo-European
Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage.
Phonology
Vowels
Vocalisation of laryngeals
- ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX
- Exceptions: -h₃w-, -gH- → -gw-, -gʰ-.
Short vowels
- The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE *o to u and a diphthongisation of IE *e in some phonological contexts.
- IE *a was preserved as a
- IE *o was preserved as o except R_Cʷ where it was raised to u.
- bori ‘hill’ < IE *gʷor̥
- nyps ‘night’ < EPH *núpts < IE *nókʷts
- IE *e was preserved initially as e.
- thémmi ‘I say’ < IE *ḱéh₁mi
- EPH *e would later diphthongise into je between a resonant and a consonant.
- khirjéthōi ‘harder’ < LPH *χĭrjéθōi < EPH *χrétʲōi < IE *kret-yō-s
- IE *i yields i except after a labial and before a consonant where it becomes e.
- limpimos ‘we allow’ < EPH *linpimós < IE *linkʷm̥ós
- pes ‘who’ < IE *kʷis
- IE *u was preserved as u
Long vowels
- The IE long vowels are well preserved, if not always in the original form.
- IE *ā → ā
- IE *ē → ē
- IE *ī → EPH *ī → i
- IE *ō → ō
- IE *ū → EPH *u̯i → y
Diphthongs
- The IE system of diphthongs was fully preserved in the earliest stages of the language but would later be much simplified.
- IE *ai → ai
- IE *oi → ai
- IE *ei → ei
- IE *au → au
- IE *ou → au
- IE *eu → ū~eu
- IE *Vi̯ (where V is a long vowel) → V
Sonorants
- Both nasal *ṃ *ṇ become EPH *a.
- áphros ‘storm cloud’ < EPH aphrós < PIE *n̥bʰrós
- káton ‘a hundred’ < EPH katóm < PIE *ḱm̥tóm
- Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes.
- *ri appears before *s *ʃ *tʲ
- *ir appears before all other consonants.
- *al appears before other sonorants.
- *la before all other stops.
- Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged
- *y → EPH *j, EPH *Cʲ in C_V, and *i̯- → *dj-
- drū́j ‘to the tree’ < EPH dreuej < *dr-éw-ey dat. sg. of *dóru
- thōránā ‘season’ < EPH djōranā́ < IE yōr-mṇ-ā̬́
- *y → EPH *j, EPH *Cʲ in C_V, and *i̯- → *dj-
- Both nasal *ṃ *ṇ become EPH *a.