Naeng: Difference between revisions

|script=Windermere script

'''Naeng''' (''fi brits Dămea'' /vɪ brits dəmɛ/ or ''fi brits Neng'' /... naeŋ/; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Dymee'' or ''a łynǿñ Neng'') is a [[Lakovic]] language belonging to the Naengic branch. It is also known as '''Windermere''', '''Ashanian''' (e.g. ''ne Qaśenin'' in [[Netagin]], specifically for Classical Wdm., ''Xānimiz'' /ʃaːnimis/ in [[Naquian]]) or '''Tergetian''' (e.g. ''døluder Terged'' in [[Tseer]], ''tergetosin'' in [[Clofabosin]]) in various Trician languages. It is more distantly related to [[Tseer]] and [[Häskä]].

Modern Windermere is a revived koine/lingua franca/creole arising from various Classical Windermere reading and interpretive traditions, and some scholars believe that Modern Windermere grammar doesn't directly continue that of Classical Windermere. An even more unorthodox view proposed by modern linguist Hăyad Săfărchal is that Modern Windermere shouldn't be thought of as a Lakovic language at all, unlike Tseer and [[Tergetian vernaculars]]; he thinks it's a relexification of Netagin and Nurian with Classical Windermere words, and he proposes that it be renamed to ''fi brits Biechănd'' or the Bjeheondian language. This hypothesis is challenged by Prăfin of Bălang and other scholars of creoles and sprachbunds in Tricin, who cited various historical intermediate stages of Windermere which appeared in writing (e.g. works by Etsoj Jopah) and in folk songs. For example, the polite pronoun ''Pra'' (from ''pida'' 'sage'), which is post-Classical, is found in ___'s letters.

Today, Windermere is the majority language of Pategia and Quintlopetl, and a prominent minority language of the [[Verse:Tricin/USB|USB]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]]. In [[Talma]] Classical Windermere was replaced with vernacular Windermere varieties (called the [[Tergetian vernaculars|Tergetian languages]]) and other languages. With 220 million native and L2 speakers, it is the fifth most widely spoken language and the most widely spoken [[Lakovic]] language. It forms the [[Bjeheond]]ian sprachbund with [[Netagin]] vernaculars, [[Trây]], [[Gwnax]], and most other Bjeheondian languages.  

Windermere is based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and head-initial syntax. Aesthetically it's also inspired by German, Romanian and [[Tíogall]], one of [[User:IlL]]'s old Talmic sketches.

Need Tigol words in Windermere

Inflected prepositions survive in Modern Windermere (in fact ya rie and șa rie are incorrect) -- but are only used in formal Windermere

yăhuaș should be a Windermere adjective

Directional verbs as in Southeast Asian languages, e.g. ngămlac seaf "to call someone" vs ngămlac drel "to call someone back" -- sometimes casual Windermere uses these rather than pronouns to disambiguate referents like ''Ien chea briets drel sed'' "He told me this"

Pronouns aren't used as often in colloquial Windermere e.g. ''Fi tsum rad?'' for ''What's your name''? Formal Windermere would have ''Fi tsum łe/łen/łes rad?''; ''Seaf ra?'' for "Where are you going?"

*Classical Windermere ''ts'' and ''tł'' merged into /ts/, while ''ł'' (Basque s in Classical) shifted to /ɬ/ (occasional tł -> ł in a few words)

*Loss of the Classical Windermere accusative particle ''ü''

Some dialects like the Rural Fincreaș dialect retain the Classical Windermere '''tł''' as a separate phoneme /tʃ~tʂ/.

In some rural accents in eastern Bjeheond, around Plüeng Sănach, and in some styles of singing, ''r'' is pronounced as an alveolar trill /r/ in all positions. In the Wieb accent ''r'' triggers a low tone onset on the following vowel, and in contemporary Wieb Windermere this is the only sign of phonemic ''r'', with initial /r/ entirely replaced with [h].

Standard Windermere intonation is like Standard Khmer. In certain accents of Windermere, especially in the Wieb region, stressed syllables with a final voiceless consonant are pronounced with a rising tone and other stressed syllables with a falling tone. In contemporary Wieb Windermere final voicing is no longer contrastive, having entirely been replaced with tone -- Wieb Windermere can be analyzed as having four tones.

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas. /g h ʔ/ are phonemically prohibited in coda; in most accents of Windermere final ''c'' surfaces as [ʔ].

Allowed initial clusters in Classical Windermere are similar to Khmer. Here is a list by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):

:''Main article: [[Windermere/Accents]]''

This script is the one used in the Mărotłite sacred texts (the Imθumăytil and other pidaic writings) and other Classical Windermere texts. It descends from Talmic runes and is thus a sister of the Talmic alphabet, which is used for [[Talmic]] languages. Nowadays it is mainly used for religious (Mărotłite announcements/edicts/rulings/etc.), ceremonial, and decorative purposes.

The modern Windermere script is an abugida related to Idavic scripts. It derives from an old Bjeheondian runic alphabet, which was in turn an adaptation of an even older logographic writing system used by the Dwābisȝōlam (Wdm. ''Dwabis'olam'') civilization (from ancient Erkwisngwal).

There are two articles: the definite article ''fi'', from the distal demonstrative ''fi'', and the specific article ''se'' (m), from the proximal demonstrative ''se''. Indefinite nonspecific nouns do not take an article. The English definite article, and some unpreceded English nouns such as ''society'', ''man'' (humanity), and ''life'', correspond closely to the Windermere definite article, but the English indefinite article can be translated into either Windermere indefinite nouns or specific nouns depending on context.

Modern Windermere have pronouns similar to Classical Windermere, but slightly restructured: it lost the feminine plural pronouns and added the impersonal and polite pronouns.

In Early Modern Windermere, ''Pra'' was sometimes a third person pronoun but this is archaic. ''Ĭmpra'' is an obsolete plural form of ''Pra''; nowadays ''Pra'' is used regardless of number.

Modern Windermere does not have exact equivalents for the English verbs "go", "carry", or "bring". Windermere motion verbs vary along two dimensions: one dimension is the method or direction of transport and one dimension is the telicity of the verb. Unidirectional, or telic, motion verbs express one-time motion towards a destination. Multidirectional, or atelic, verbs express undirected motion, repeated directed motion, or back-and-forth motion. The directionality is usually expressed by an infix or prefix, but is sometimes expressed through suppletion.

Classical Windermere inflected prepositions survive in Modern Windermere (in fact ''*ya rie'' for 'with me' is incorrect as in CWdm) but are only used in formal or written Windermere. Spoken Windermere uses directionals and verbs of motion instead of inflected prepositions.  

Modern Windermere is wh-in-situ, unlike Classical Windermere.

When the head becomes an oblique object, using a resumptive pronoun is a formal Windermere strategy. Resumptive pronouns are not common in the colloquial language:

Modern Windermere contains more Netagin and Talmic loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many [[Eevo]] loans are entering the language, to the dismay of purists.

* inherited Windermere (including older Talmic loans)

* Tseer and Talmic loans, esp. during the Middle Windermere period. These words often sound high register, like Aramaic loans do in Modern Hebrew

* Recent native coinages; reborrowings from older Windermere stages

*''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)

*''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)

The "trigger" infixes usually derive verbs from other verbs. These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.  

Many Proto-Lakovic aspects had become derivational by Classical Windermere, analogous to how PIE aspects became inflectional or lexical in daughter IE languages. This mirrors the development in other Talman Lakovic languages but Windermere has been the most heavily affected.

Archaic words also appear as cranberry morphemes in some concatenated expressions. For example, ''sămeath-păchnay'', meaning 'patriotism', literally means "honoring the king", where ''sămeath'' means 'to honor, to revere' in archaic Windermere.

(This line is in the Windermere alexandrine)

This passage is from the ''Imthumitil Păchlac'', a retranslation of the [[Verse:Tricin/Imθumitil|Imθumitil]] into Modern Windermere by Yăchef Clay.

A literary Windermere meter is determined by

Iambic meters and meters that use a combination of iambs and anapests are also used. An iambic meter that goes back to Classical Windermere verse is the ''chinung tălach'' ('hexad meter', more literally 'hexad count'), a form of alexandrine where each line consists of two iambic trimeter hemistichs separated by a caesura. The first of each group of three feet may occasionally be a trochee.

[[Category:Windermere]]