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Minhast: Difference between revisions
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The Distributed-Periodic aspect marker, often translated as "from time-to-time" or when used with discrete time references ("every Thursday") indicates that the action, event, or state occurs with some sort of periodicity. If the periodicity is predictable (e.g. "every Thursday"), it often co-occurs with the Habitual affix. The Distributed-Periodic does not indicate punctual or durative information, as they may occur ad-hoc in both telic and atelic verbs. Durative and punctual information is instead indicated by separate affixes, the Semelfective and the Durative; these affixes are derivational in nature and occur in a different slot in the verb template. | The Distributed-Periodic aspect marker, often translated as "from time-to-time" or when used with discrete time references ("every Thursday") indicates that the action, event, or state occurs with some sort of periodicity. If the periodicity is predictable (e.g. "every Thursday"), it often co-occurs with the Habitual affix. The Distributed-Periodic does not indicate punctual or durative information, as they may occur ad-hoc in both telic and atelic verbs. Durative and punctual information is instead indicated by separate affixes, the Semelfective and the Durative; these affixes are derivational in nature and occur in a different slot in the verb template. | ||
===== | ===== Participial ===== | ||
The | The Participial slot is a small segment of the verb template, consisting of only one affix, ''-x-''. Past literature on the language variously placed them in the Tense-Aspect slot, whilst others placed in the Transitivity. Current practice is to place it in its own slot, as the affix can co-occur with the affixes of either slot yet does not semantically correspond to either. Its uses vary, sometimes forming an embedded clause of a causal sentence, e.g. ''Ikna<u>k</u>araxan išpisaxtikarallaru'' "My departure saddened her/By departing, I saddened her", a temporal subordinator, e.g. ''Redaktān iknatahara<u>x</u>an išpiharsummektarundurkilmakš!'' "When you went with that man you shamed us all/In going out with that man you shamed us all!", and occasionally in Modern Standard Minhast but more often in Lower Minhast, it may convey concurrent actions, i.e. circumstantial clauses, e.g. ''Luktarabampi, išpisaxtikurgadešlekarba<u>x</u>an'' "He was cooking while I concentrated on my studies" (lit. "He was cooking in the time I was causing myself to become strong in mind"). Notice that the Participial affix allows breaking the S/O pivot, as demonstrated in the two preceding examples. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"| | ! colspan="2"| Participial | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Affix | ! Affix | ||
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The | The Participial also creates deverbals, which nominalizes a verb stem. This nominalization in turn may be incorporated into a matrix verb. Five requirements must be satisfied before the nominalization can be incorporated: | ||
#All ''wa=''-binding is stripped from the nominalization; | #All ''wa=''-binding is stripped from the nominalization; | ||
#The affixes from the Transitivity and Terminals slots are stripped from the nominalization; | #The affixes from the Transitivity and Terminals slots are stripped from the nominalization; | ||
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#The nominalization is inserted into the NI slot of the verb template. | #The nominalization is inserted into the NI slot of the verb template. | ||
The following text illustrates the incorporation of a nominalization with the | The following text illustrates the incorporation of a nominalization with the Participial: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Izzesparaktirekt tankuryār išpisaxnuwassuk<u>nn</u>išpisaxxalamiħyišatti<u>xx</u>iššaru. | |phrase = Izzesparaktirekt tankuryār išpisaxnuwassuk<u>nn</u>išpisaxxalamiħyišatti<u>xx</u>iššaru. | ||
| IPA = | | IPA = | ||
| morphemes = izzesparak-tirek=de tankūr=yār šp-saxt-nuwassuk-n-[šp-saxt-kalam-iħy-šatt]-x-rti-ar-u | | morphemes = izzesparak-tirek=de tankūr=yār šp-saxt-nuwassuk-n-[šp-saxt-kalam-iħy-šatt]-x-rti-ar-u | ||
| gloss = canoe.ABS-3NS.INAN.ACC+1S.NOM=GEN eels=ABL CAUS-INCH-contain-LNK-[CAUS-INCH-be.high-in.air-RFLX- | | gloss = canoe.ABS-3NS.INAN.ACC+1S.NOM=GEN eels=ABL CAUS-INCH-contain-LNK-[CAUS-INCH-be.high-in.air-RFLX-PTCP]-3S.INAN.PT+3S.INDEF.AGT-PST-TRNS | ||
| translation = My hovercraft is full of eels, <span style="font-style:normal">lit.</span> "My canoe, my flying one, someone filled it with eels." | | translation = My hovercraft is full of eels, <span style="font-style:normal">lit.</span> "My canoe, my flying one, someone filled it with eels." | ||
}} | }} | ||
Deverbals formed by the | Deverbals formed by the Participial can incorporate nouns, and serve as modifiers to the head of an NP. Thus, a truly complex nominal can be created, as in the following example: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
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| IPA = | | IPA = | ||
| morphemes = šp-saxt-kalam-iħy-šatt-mah-x=min izzesparak-tirek=de | | morphemes = šp-saxt-kalam-iħy-šatt-mah-x=min izzesparak-tirek=de | ||
| gloss = INCH-be.high-in.air-RFLX-3NS.INAN.NOM- | | gloss = INCH-be.high-in.air-RFLX-3NS.INAN.NOM-PTCP=CONN canoe-3S.INAN.ACC+1S.NOM=ERG | ||
| translation = my hovercraft | | translation = my hovercraft | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Notice that the pronominal ''-mah-'' resurfaces, which is allowed since this complex is not incorporated. | Notice that the pronominal ''-mah-'' resurfaces, which is allowed since this complex is not incorporated. | ||
Interestingly, it appears that noun incorporation can occur recursively in these deverbals formed by the | Interestingly, it appears that noun incorporation can occur recursively in these deverbals formed by the Participial, such as in the next example, the result of a speech game between two speakers: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
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| IPA = | | IPA = | ||
| morphemes = Nireppa nišwak-∅-an=naft kallut-n-[[n-ruspar-niyaxpa-x]-n-[n-psa-subek-sespir-šk-x]]-x-sar-tah-ab-u=š | | morphemes = Nireppa nišwak-∅-an=naft kallut-n-[[n-ruspar-niyaxpa-x]-n-[n-psa-subek-sespir-šk-x]]-x-sar-tah-ab-u=š | ||
| gloss = little.bear.ABS be.white-3MS.NOM-INTR=NMLZ eat-LNK-[LNK-play-in.fountain.grass- | | gloss = little.bear.ABS be.white-3MS.NOM-INTR=NMLZ eat-LNK-[LNK-play-in.fountain.grass-PTCP]-LNK-[LNK-[MIT-hold-in.hand-PARTIAL.CTRL]-PTCP]-look-3MS.ACC+2S.NOM-IMPF-TRNS=IRR | ||
| translation = Watch the white cub eating on the grass playing with the stick he's barely holding onto. | | translation = Watch the white cub eating on the grass playing with the stick he's barely holding onto. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| IPA = | | IPA = | ||
| morphemes = šp-saxt-urasm-iħy-šatt-mah-x-šumbat | | morphemes = šp-saxt-urasm-iħy-šatt-mah-x-šumbat | ||
| gloss = INCH-be.high-with.star-RFLX-3NS.INAN.NOM- | | gloss = INCH-be.high-with.star-RFLX-3NS.INAN.NOM-PTCP-arrow | ||
| translation = the starship | | translation = the starship | ||
}} | }} | ||