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[[Category: Languages]] | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category: Artlangs]] | |||
[[Category: A posteriori]] | |||
[[Category: Indo-European languages]] | |||
[[Category: Germanic languages]] | [[Category: Germanic languages]] | ||
Northeadish is a Germanic language which, while similar to [[North_Germanic_languages|North]] and [[West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]] languages due to many areal similarities, does not belong to either of these branches. The name “Northeadish” is a compound of ‘north’ and ‘thead’ (an ancient word referring to a folk or people). A late sound change ([[metathesis]]) in the language caused the word ''*nurþ'' ‘north’ to become ''*nruþ'', which, being difficult to pronounce, corrected itself through a process of stop-insertion (becoming ''*n̩druþ''). Later still, the nasal component of word-initial pre-nasalized stops (all of which occur only because of this process) were deleted, leaving present-day ''druðþ''. A similar process occurs with other Germanic words such as ‘morning’ (''*murganaz'' → ''mrugan'' → ''m̩brugan'' → ''brugɴ''). | {{Bpnjohnson.info|Northeadish|Druðþþᵫ̄ðeſc (Druþýðesk)|drʊˈθyːðɛsk|2000|Europe, vaguely|Indo-European|Indo-European|Germanic|South Germanic||||||nthd}} | ||
Northeadish is a Germanic language which, while similar to [[w:North_Germanic_languages|North]] and [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]] languages due to many areal similarities, does not belong to either of these branches. The name “Northeadish” is a compound of ‘north’ and ‘thead’ (an ancient word referring to a folk or people). A late sound change ([[metathesis]]) in the language caused the word ''*nurþ'' ‘north’ to become ''*nruþ'', which, being difficult to pronounce, corrected itself through a process of stop-insertion (becoming ''*n̩druþ''). Later still, the nasal component of word-initial pre-nasalized stops (all of which occur only because of this process) were deleted, leaving present-day ''druðþ''. A similar process occurs with other Germanic words such as ‘morning’ (''*murganaz'' → ''mrugan'' → ''m̩brugan'' → ''brugɴ''). | |||
== Writing Systems == | == Writing Systems == | ||
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|align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''her''<sup>iii</sup> ‘her’ || ''þer''<sup>iv</sup> ‘they (sg.)’ || ''ier'' ‘someone else’ | |align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''her''<sup>iii</sup> ‘her’ || ''þer''<sup>iv</sup> ‘they (sg.)’ || ''ier'' ‘someone else’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''hū'' ‘like this’ || ''þū''<sup> | |align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''hū'' ‘like this’ || ''þū''<sup>v</sup> ‘thou’ || ''iū''<sup>vi</sup> ‘yes’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''hī''<sup> | |align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''hī''<sup>viii</sup> ‘herefore, he’ || ''þī'' ‘therefore’ || ''iī'' ‘elsewhy’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| result: -''us'' || ''hus'' ‘herewith’ || ''þus'' ‘thus’ || ''ius'' ‘elsewith’ | |align="right"| result: -''us'' || ''hus'' ‘herewith’ || ''þus'' ‘thus’ || ''ius'' ‘elsewith’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || ''het'' ‘it’ || ''þet'' ‘the’ || ''iet''<sup> | |align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || ''het'' ‘it’ || ''þet'' ‘the’ || ''iet''<sup>ix</sup> ‘yet’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''ƕer'' ‘who’ || ''qer'' ‘who’ || ''ner'' ‘noöne’ | |align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''ƕer'' ‘who’ || ''qer'' ‘who’ || ''ner'' ‘noöne’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''ƕū'' ‘how’ || '''qū'' ‘how’ || ''nū'' ‘in no way, | |align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''ƕū'' ‘how’ || '''qū'' ‘how’ || ''nū''<sup>vii</sup> ‘in no way, now’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''ƕī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''qī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''nī'' ‘for no reason’ | |align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''ƕī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''qī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''nī'' ‘for no reason’ | ||
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<sup>iv</sup>The medial version of the above, ''þer'' (‘that person’), has come to be used as a non-specific third person singular pronoun, much like we use ''they'', ''them'', or ''their'' in (prescriptively-incorrect-but descriptively-happening-whether-you-like-it-or-not) English to refer to someone whose gender is unknown, e.g. “Someone left ''their'' book here.” | <sup>iv</sup>The medial version of the above, ''þer'' (‘that person’), has come to be used as a non-specific third person singular pronoun, much like we use ''they'', ''them'', or ''their'' in (prescriptively-incorrect-but descriptively-happening-whether-you-like-it-or-not) English to refer to someone whose gender is unknown, e.g. “Someone left ''their'' book here.” | ||
<sup>v</sup>'' | <sup>v</sup>''Þū'' has been replaced entirely by the second person singular nominative pronoun (‘thou’, from *''þū''). | ||
<sup>vi</sup>''İū'' has been replaced entirely by the “affirmative rebuke” (‘yes, it is’, ‘“yuh-huh”’, from *''jō''?). | |||
<sup> | <sup>vii</sup>''Nū'' shares a space with the descendant of *''nu'', whose primary semantic role was taken over by ''han'' (above), but which is still widely used, particularly in th sense of ‘right now, immediately’. | ||
<sup> | <sup>viii</sup>''Hī'' shares a space with the third person masculine singular pronoun (‘he’, from *''hėz''), though ''hī'' does still appear occasionally with the meaning ‘for this reason.’ | ||
<sup> | <sup>ix</sup>''İet'' has been replaced entirely by the adverb ‘yet’ (from *''juta''). | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||