Northeadish: Difference between revisions
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[[Category: Languages]] | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category: Artlangs]] | |||
[[Category: A posteriori]] | |||
[[Category: Indo-European languages]] | |||
[[Category: Germanic languages]] | [[Category: Germanic languages]] | ||
Northeadish is a Germanic language which, while similar to [[North_Germanic_languages|North]] and [[West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]] languages due to many areal similarities, does not belong to either of these branches. The name “Northeadish” is a compound of ‘north’ and ‘thead’ (an ancient word referring to a folk or people). A late sound change ([[metathesis]]) in the language caused the word ''*nurþ'' ‘north’ to become ''*nruþ'', which, being difficult to pronounce, corrected itself through a process of stop-insertion (becoming ''*n̩druþ''). Later still, the nasal component of word-initial pre-nasalized stops (all of which occur only because of this process) were deleted, leaving present-day ''druðþ''. A similar process occurs with other Germanic words such as ‘morning’ (''*murganaz'' → ''mrugan'' → ''m̩brugan'' → ''brugɴ''). | {{Bpnjohnson.info|Northeadish|Druðþþᵫ̄ðeſc (Druþýðesk)|drʊˈθyːðɛsk|2000|Europe, vaguely|Indo-European|Indo-European|Germanic|South Germanic||||||nthd}} | ||
Northeadish is a Germanic language which, while similar to [[w:North_Germanic_languages|North]] and [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]] languages due to many areal similarities, does not belong to either of these branches. The name “Northeadish” is a compound of ‘north’ and ‘thead’ (an ancient word referring to a folk or people). A late sound change ([[metathesis]]) in the language caused the word ''*nurþ'' ‘north’ to become ''*nruþ'', which, being difficult to pronounce, corrected itself through a process of stop-insertion (becoming ''*n̩druþ''). Later still, the nasal component of word-initial pre-nasalized stops (all of which occur only because of this process) were deleted, leaving present-day ''druðþ''. A similar process occurs with other Germanic words such as ‘morning’ (''*murganaz'' → ''mrugan'' → ''m̩brugan'' → ''brugɴ''). | |||
== Writing Systems == | == Writing Systems == | ||
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===Relative Pronouns=== | ===Relative Pronouns=== | ||
What follows here are the “true” relative pronouns, though several words may take over this function, such as those mentioned in the | What follows here are the “true” relative pronouns, though several words may take over this function, such as those mentioned in the Indefinite Pronouns below (''qer'', ''qīr'', and ''qet''), the word ''ſᴍ''. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| 5 || fem || femtehɴ || femtag || fem hundraðþ || fem þūshᵫnðʀ || qenteliōn | | 5 || fem || femtehɴ || femtag || fem hundraðþ || fem þūshᵫnðʀ || qenteliōn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || ſecs || | | 6 || ſecs || ſecstehɴ || ſecstag || ſecs hundraðþ || ſecs þūshᵫnðʀ || ſecsteliōn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 || ſevɴ || ſevɴtehɴ || ſevɴtag || ſevɴ hundraðþ || ſevɴ þūshᵫnðʀ || ſevɴteliōn | | 7 || ſevɴ || ſevɴtehɴ || ſevɴtag || ſevɴ hundraðþ || ſevɴ þūshᵫnðʀ || ſevɴteliōn | ||
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|align="right"| '''Masc.''' || hes ||rowspan=2| heſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| heſ'''ᴍ''' || heſ'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || ƕes ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''ᴍ''' || ƕeſ'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || nes ||rowspan=2| neſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| neſ'''ᴍ''' || neſ'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || qes ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''ᴍ''' || qeſ'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || þes ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''ᴍ''' || þeſ'''ɴ''' | |align="right"| '''Masc.''' || hes ||rowspan=2| heſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| heſ'''ᴍ''' || heſ'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || ƕes ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''ᴍ''' || ƕeſ'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || nes ||rowspan=2| neſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| neſ'''ᴍ''' || neſ'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || qes ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''ᴍ''' || qeſ'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || þes ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''as''' ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''ᴍ''' || þeſ'''ɴ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| '''Neu.''' || heſ'''t''' || heſ'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || ƕeſ'''t''' || ƕeſ'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || neſ'''t''' || neſ'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || | |align="right"| '''Neu.''' || heſ'''t''' || heſ'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || ƕeſ'''t''' || ƕeſ'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || neſ'''t''' || neſ'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || qeſ'''t''' || qeſ'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || þeſ'''t''' || þeſ'''t''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| '''Fem.''' ||rowspan=2| heſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| heſ'''ʀ''' || heſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| heſ'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''ʀ''' || ƕeſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| neſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| neſ'''ʀ''' || neſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| neſ'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''ʀ''' || qeſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''ʀ''' || þeſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''a''' | |align="right"| '''Fem.''' ||rowspan=2| heſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| heſ'''ʀ''' || heſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| heſ'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''ʀ''' || ƕeſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| ƕeſ'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| neſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| neſ'''ʀ''' || neſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| neſ'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''ʀ''' || qeſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| qeſ'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''a''' ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''ʀ''' || þeſ'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| þeſ'''a''' | ||
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|align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''her''<sup>iii</sup> ‘her’ || ''þer''<sup>iv</sup> ‘they (sg.)’ || ''ier'' ‘someone else’ | |align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''her''<sup>iii</sup> ‘her’ || ''þer''<sup>iv</sup> ‘they (sg.)’ || ''ier'' ‘someone else’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''hū'' ‘like this’ || ''þū''<sup> | |align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''hū'' ‘like this’ || ''þū''<sup>v</sup> ‘thou’ || ''iū''<sup>vi</sup> ‘yes’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''hī''<sup> | |align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''hī''<sup>viii</sup> ‘herefore, he’ || ''þī'' ‘therefore’ || ''iī'' ‘elsewhy’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| result: -''us'' || ''hus'' ‘herewith’ || ''þus'' ‘thus’ || ''ius'' ‘elsewith’ | |align="right"| result: -''us'' || ''hus'' ‘herewith’ || ''þus'' ‘thus’ || ''ius'' ‘elsewith’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || ''het'' ‘it’ || ''þet'' ‘the’ || ''iet''<sup> | |align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || ''het'' ‘it’ || ''þet'' ‘the’ || ''iet''<sup>ix</sup> ‘yet’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''ƕer'' ‘who’ || ''qer'' ‘who’ || ''ner'' ‘noöne’ | |align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''ƕer'' ‘who’ || ''qer'' ‘who’ || ''ner'' ‘noöne’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''ƕū'' ‘how’ || '''qū'' ‘how’ || ''nū'' ‘in | |align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''ƕū'' ‘how’ || '''qū'' ‘how’ || ''nū''<sup>vii</sup> ‘in no way, now’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''ƕī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''qī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''nī'' ‘for no reason’ | |align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''ƕī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''qī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''nī'' ‘for no reason’ | ||
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<sup>iv</sup>The medial version of the above, ''þer'' (‘that person’), has come to be used as a non-specific third person singular pronoun, much like we use ''they'', ''them'', or ''their'' in (prescriptively-incorrect-but descriptively-happening-whether-you-like-it-or-not) English to refer to someone whose gender is unknown, e.g. “Someone left ''their'' book here.” | <sup>iv</sup>The medial version of the above, ''þer'' (‘that person’), has come to be used as a non-specific third person singular pronoun, much like we use ''they'', ''them'', or ''their'' in (prescriptively-incorrect-but descriptively-happening-whether-you-like-it-or-not) English to refer to someone whose gender is unknown, e.g. “Someone left ''their'' book here.” | ||
<sup>v</sup>'' | <sup>v</sup>''Þū'' has been replaced entirely by the second person singular nominative pronoun (‘thou’, from *''þū''). | ||
<sup>vi</sup>''İū'' has been replaced entirely by the “affirmative rebuke” (‘yes, it is’, ‘“yuh-huh”’, from *''jō''?). | |||
<sup> | <sup>vii</sup>''Nū'' shares a space with the descendant of *''nu'', whose primary semantic role was taken over by ''han'' (above), but which is still widely used, particularly in th sense of ‘right now, immediately’. | ||
<sup> | <sup>viii</sup>''Hī'' shares a space with the third person masculine singular pronoun (‘he’, from *''hėz''), though ''hī'' does still appear occasionally with the meaning ‘for this reason.’ | ||
<sup> | <sup>ix</sup>''İet'' has been replaced entirely by the adverb ‘yet’ (from *''juta''). | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||