Essanian: Difference between revisions
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| rowspan="2"|'''b''' | | rowspan="2"|'''b''' | ||
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | ||
| [ | | [b] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | | elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | ||
| [ | | [β] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="3"| '''c''' | | rowspan="3"| '''c''' | ||
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | ||
| [tʃ] or [ | | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| elsewhere | | elsewhere | ||
| [ | | [k] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before voiced consonants | | before voiced consonants | ||
| [ | | [ɣ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 101: | Line 101: | ||
| '''ch''' | | '''ch''' | ||
| everywhere | | everywhere | ||
| [tʃ] or [ | | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 107: | Line 107: | ||
| '''ç''' | | '''ç''' | ||
| everywhere | | everywhere | ||
| [ | | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="3"| '''d''' | | rowspan="3"| '''d''' | ||
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | ||
| [ | | [d] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| elsewhere | | elsewhere | ||
| [ | | [ð] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 130: | Line 129: | ||
| '''f''' | | '''f''' | ||
| everywhere | | everywhere | ||
| [ | | [f] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | | not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | ||
| [ | | [ɡ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | | not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | ||
| [ | | [ɣ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | ||
| [ | | [ɡ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | ||
| [ | | [ɣ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 217: | Line 216: | ||
| '''k''' | | '''k''' | ||
| rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | | rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | ||
| [ | | [k] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 223: | Line 222: | ||
| '''l''' | | '''l''' | ||
| everywhere | | everywhere | ||
| [ | | [l] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''lh''' | | '''lh''' | ||
| everywhere | | everywhere | ||
| [ | | [ʎ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="2"| '''m''' | | rowspan="2"| '''m''' | ||
| everywhere except word-finally | | everywhere except word-finally | ||
| [ | | [m] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| word-final | | word-final | ||
| [ | | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="3" | '''n''' | | rowspan="3" | '''n''' | ||
| everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | | everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | ||
| [ | | [n] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before other consonants | | before other consonants | ||
| [ | | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | ||
| | | | ||
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| word-finally | | word-finally | ||
|[ | |[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''nh''' | | '''nh''' | ||
| everywhere | | everywhere | ||
| [ | | [ɲ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="2"| '''p''' | | rowspan="2"| '''p''' | ||
| everywhere | | everywhere | ||
| [ | | [p] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | | in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | ||
| [ | | [β] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="2"| '''qu''' | | rowspan="2"| '''qu''' | ||
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | ||
| [ | | [k] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''qü''' | | '''qü''' | ||
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | | only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | ||
| [ | | [kw] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| word-initial, morpheme-initial, | | word-initial, morpheme-initial, | ||
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_tap ɾ]] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) | or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_tap ɾ]] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) | ||
| [ | | [r] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| elsewhere | | elsewhere | ||
| [ | | [ɾ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''rr''' | | '''rr''' | ||
| only occurs between vowels | | only occurs between vowels | ||
| [ | | [r] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="2"| '''s''' | | rowspan="2"| '''s''' | ||
| before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels | | before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels | ||
| [ | | [z] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| everywhere else | | everywhere else | ||
| [ | | [s] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="2"| '''t''' | | rowspan="2"| '''t''' | ||
| everywhere | | everywhere | ||
| [ | | [t] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before voiced consonants | | before voiced consonants | ||
| [ | | [ð] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| between vowels and word-finally | | between vowels and word-finally | ||
| [ks] | | [ks] | ||
| | | | ||
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before a consonant | | before a consonant | ||
| [ks] or [ | | [ks] or [s] | ||
| | | | ||
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly). | | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly). | ||
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| rowspan="2"| '''y''' | | rowspan="2"| '''y''' | ||
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong diphthong]) | | as a semivowel (almost always in a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong diphthong]) | ||
| [i] or [ | | [i] or [j] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| as a consonant | | as a consonant | ||
| [ | | [j] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| rowspan="2"| '''z''' | | rowspan="2"| '''z''' | ||
| everywhere except word-finally | | everywhere except word-finally | ||
| [ | | [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| word-finally | | word-finally | ||
| [ | | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Vowels===== | =====Vowels===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |
Revision as of 14:43, 28 March 2022
Essanian (Native: xanhán /ʃaˈɲan/) is an Iberian Romance language descended from Mozarabic.
Essanian | |
---|---|
La lengua xanhana لَلَانْغُوَ شَنَّنَ | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|la ˈleŋgwa ʃaˈɲana]] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Early forms | Mozarabic
|
Introduction
Etymology
The endonym xanhán is derived from the place name Xanha, from Latin Hispānia.
The English name Essanian is derived from the Medieval Latin equivalent Essanianus from Middle Essanian exanyán.
Phonology
Orthography
Latin orthography
Alphabet
Consonants
Letter | Context | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [b] | ||
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | [β] | |||
c | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
elsewhere | [k] | |||
before voiced consonants | [ɣ] | |||
ch | everywhere | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
ç | everywhere | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) | ||
d | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [d] | ||
after ⟨n⟩ word-finally | Ø | |||
elsewhere | [ð] | |||
f | everywhere | [f] | ||
g | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [dʒ] | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ʒ] | |||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | |||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ] | |||
gh | everywhere | [ʕ] | In Arabic loanwords | |
gu | before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | ||
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣw] | |||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | |||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ] | |||
gü | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣw] | |||
h | everywhere | [h] or [ħ] or [x] | Generally occurs in loanwords. | |
everywhere (rare) | Ø | Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation. | ||
j | either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [dʒ] | ||
elsewhere | [ʒ] | |||
k | rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | [k] | ||
l | everywhere | [l] | ||
lh | everywhere | [ʎ] | ||
m | everywhere except word-finally | [m] | ||
word-final | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | |||
n | everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | [n] | ||
before other consonants | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | ||
word-finally | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | |||
nh | everywhere | [ɲ] | ||
p | everywhere | [p] | ||
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | [β] | |||
qu | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [k] | ||
elsewhere | [kw] | |||
qü | only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [kw] | ||
r | word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) |
[r] | ||
elsewhere | [ɾ] | |||
rr | only occurs between vowels | [r] | ||
s | before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels | [z] | ||
everywhere else | [s] | |||
ss | only occurs between vowels | [s] | ||
t | everywhere | [t] | ||
before voiced consonants | [ð] | |||
v | everywhere | [v] | ||
w | everywhere | [w] | ||
x | everywhere | [ʃ] | ||
between vowels and word-finally | [ks] | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | ||
before a consonant | [ks] or [s] | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly). | ||
in the prefix ex- | [z]; [s] before a plosive | |||
y | as a semivowel (almost always in a diphthong) | [i] or [j] | ||
as a consonant | [j] | |||
z | everywhere except word-finally | [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect) | ||
word-finally | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) |
Vowels
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
a | [ä] | ||
e | [e̞] | ||
i | [i] | ||
y | |||
o | [o̞] | ||
u | [u] |
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|
i | ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | [j] | ||
u | ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩, also ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] |
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources
- ^ In Essanian, the letters i and u can combine with other vowels to form falling and rising diphthongs. Y can also form falling diphthongs word-finally.