Essanian: Difference between revisions

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| rowspan="2"|'''b'''
| rowspan="2"|'''b'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive b]]
| [b]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant β]]
| [β]
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="3"| '''c'''
| rowspan="3"| '''c'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [tʃ] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative ʃ]] (depending on the dialect)
| [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive k]]
| [k]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| before voiced consonants
| before voiced consonants
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative ɣ]]
| [ɣ]
|
|
|
|
Line 101: Line 101:
| '''ch'''
| '''ch'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [tʃ] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative ʃ]] (depending on the dialect)
| [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|
|
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| '''ç'''
| '''ç'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative θ]] or
| [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative s]] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="3"| '''d'''
| rowspan="3"| '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive d]]
| [d]
|
|
|
|
Line 124: Line 123:
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative ð]]
| [ð]
|
|
|
|
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| '''f'''
| '''f'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative f]]
| [f]
|
|
|
|
Line 146: Line 145:
|-
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive ɡ]]
| [ɡ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative ɣ]]
| [ɣ]
|
|
|
|
Line 173: Line 172:
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive ɡ]]
| [ɡ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative ɣ]]
| [ɣ]
|
|
|
|
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| '''k'''
| '''k'''
| rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings
| rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive k]]
| [k]
|
|
|
|
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| '''l'''
| '''l'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant l]]
| [l]
|
|
|
|
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| '''lh'''
| '''lh'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant ʎ]]
| [ʎ]
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="2"| '''m'''
| rowspan="2"| '''m'''
| everywhere except word-finally
| everywhere except word-finally
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal m]]
| [m]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| word-final
| word-final
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal n]] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal ŋ]] (depending on the dialect)
| [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="3" | '''n'''
| rowspan="3" | '''n'''
| everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally
| everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal n]]
| [n]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| before other consonants
| before other consonants
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal m]]; [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal ɱ]]; [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal n]]; [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal ɲ]]; [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal ŋ]]
| [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]
|
|
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
|-
|-
| word-finally
| word-finally
|[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal n]] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal ŋ]] (depending on the dialect)
|[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|
|
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| '''nh'''
| '''nh'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal ɲ]]
| [ɲ]
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="2"| '''p'''
| rowspan="2"| '''p'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive p]]
| [p]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant β]]
| [β]
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="2"| '''qu'''
| rowspan="2"| '''qu'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive k]]
| [k]
|
|
|
|
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| '''qü'''
| '''qü'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive k]w]
| [kw]
|
|
|
|
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| word-initial, morpheme-initial,
| word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_tap ɾ]] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_tap ɾ]] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill r]]
| [r]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_tap ɾ]]
| [ɾ]
|
|
|
|
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| '''rr'''
| '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| only occurs between vowels
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill r]]
| [r]
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="2"| '''s'''
| rowspan="2"| '''s'''
| before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels
| before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative z]]
| [z]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| everywhere else
| everywhere else
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative s]]
| [s]
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="2"| '''t'''
| rowspan="2"| '''t'''
| everywhere
| everywhere
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive t]]
| [t]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| before voiced consonants
| before voiced consonants
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative ð]]
| [ð]
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
| between vowels and word-finally
| between vowels and word-finally
| [ks] (sometimes [gz])
| [ks]
|
|
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
|-
|-
| before a consonant
| before a consonant
| [ks] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative s]]
| [ks] or [s]
|
|
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
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| rowspan="2"| '''y'''
| rowspan="2"| '''y'''
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong diphthong])
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong diphthong])
| [i] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant j]]
| [i] or [j]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| as a consonant
| as a consonant
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant j]]
| [j]
|
|
|
|
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| rowspan="2"| '''z'''
| rowspan="2"| '''z'''
| everywhere except word-finally
| everywhere except word-finally
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative ð]] or [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative z]] (depending on the dialect)
| [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| word-finally
| word-finally
| [<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative θ]] or
| [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
[<nowiki/>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative s]] (depending on the dialect)
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
=====Vowels=====
=====Vowels=====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"

Revision as of 14:43, 28 March 2022

Essanian (Native: xanhán /ʃaˈɲan/) is an Iberian Romance language descended from Mozarabic.

Essanian
La lengua xanhana
لَلَانْغُوَ شَنَّنَ
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|la ˈleŋgwa ʃaˈɲana]]
Created byShariifka
Early forms
Mozarabic
  • Old Essanian
    • Middle Essanian

Introduction

Etymology

The endonym xanhán is derived from the place name Xanha, from Latin Hispānia.

The English name Essanian is derived from the Medieval Latin equivalent Essanianus from Middle Essanian exanyán.

Phonology

Orthography

Latin orthography

Alphabet
Consonants
Consonants
Letter Context IPA Examples Remarks
b word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [b]
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) [β]
c before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
elsewhere [k]
before voiced consonants [ɣ]
ch everywhere [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
ç everywhere [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
d word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [d]
after ⟨n⟩ word-finally Ø
elsewhere [ð]
f everywhere [f]
g before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [dʒ]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ʒ]
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡ]
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ]
gh everywhere [ʕ] In Arabic loanwords
gu before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡw]
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣw]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡ]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡw]
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣw]
h everywhere [h] or [ħ] or [x] Generally occurs in loanwords.
everywhere (rare) Ø Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
j either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [dʒ]
elsewhere [ʒ]
k rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings [k]
l everywhere [l]
lh everywhere [ʎ]
m everywhere except word-finally [m]
word-final [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
n everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally [n]
before other consonants [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
word-finally [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
nh everywhere [ɲ]
p everywhere [p]
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ [β]
qu before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [k]
elsewhere [kw]
only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [kw]
r word-initial, morpheme-initial,

or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)

[r]
elsewhere [ɾ]
rr only occurs between vowels [r]
s before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels [z]
everywhere else [s]
ss only occurs between vowels [s]
t everywhere [t]
before voiced consonants [ð]
v everywhere [v]
w everywhere [w]
x everywhere [ʃ]
between vowels and word-finally [ks] In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
before a consonant [ks] or [s] In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
in the prefix ex- [z]; [s] before a plosive
y as a semivowel (almost always in a diphthong) [i] or [j]
as a consonant [j]
z everywhere except word-finally [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect)
word-finally [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
a [ä]
e [e̞]
i [i]
y
o [o̞]
u [u]
Vowel letters behaving as semivowels [1]
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
i i before a vowel [j]
u u before a vowel (but silent in qu, also gu before an e or i) [w]

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

  1. ^ In Essanian, the letters i and u can combine with other vowels to form falling and rising diphthongs. Y can also form falling diphthongs word-finally.