Essanian: Difference between revisions
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|+ Essanian personal pronouns | |+ Essanian personal pronouns | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan=" | ! rowspan="2" colspan="4" | Person and number !! colspan="4" | Independent || colspan="4" | Clitic | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subject !! Object !! Reflexive Object!! Possessive !! Direct object !! Indirect object !! Reflexive !! Possessive | ! Subject !! Object !! Reflexive Object!! Possessive !! Direct object !! Indirect object !! Reflexive !! Possessive | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan=" | ! rowspan="3" | 1<sup>st</sup> !! colspan="3" | Singular | ||
| ''yo'' || colspan="2"| ''mi'' || ''miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo'' || colspan="3" | <i>me, m'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mos, ma(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mes, mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | | ''yo'' || colspan="2"| ''mi'' || ''miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo'' || colspan="3" | <i>me, m'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mos, ma(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/mes, mo(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Plural | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine | ||
| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''nos'' || rowspan="2" | – | | colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''nos'' || rowspan="2" | – | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Feminine | ||
| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotres'' | | colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotres'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="7" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="3" | Singular || Informal | ! rowspan="7" | 2<sup>nd</sup> !! rowspan="3" | Singular || rowspan="2" | Informal | ||
| ''tu'' ||colspan="2"| ''ti'' || ''tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo'' || colspan="3" | <i>te, t'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tos, ta(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tes, to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | | ''tu'' ||colspan="2"| ''ti'' || ''tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo'' || colspan="3" | <i>te, t'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || ''to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tos, ta(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/tes, to(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Formal | ! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine | ||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucé'' || rowspan="2"| ''sí'' || rowspan="2"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''l''<sup><small>3</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''lhi'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | | rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucé'' || rowspan="2"| ''sí'' || rowspan="2"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''l''<sup><small>3</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''lhi'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| ''so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/sos, sa(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>/ses, so(n)<sup><small>2</small></sup>'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Feminine | ||
| <i>la, l'</i><sup><small>4</small></sup> | | <i>la, l'</i><sup><small>4</small></sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | Plural | ! rowspan="4" | Plural !! colspan="2" | Informal !! Masculine | ||
! Informal | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''vos'' || rowspan="2" | – | | colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''vos'' || rowspan="2" | – | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Feminine | ||
| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotres'' | | colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotres'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Formal | ! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine | ||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucés'' || rowspan="2"| ''sí'' ||rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''sen''<sup><small>5</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| – | | rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucés'' || rowspan="2"| ''sí'' ||rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i><sup><small>1</small></sup>, ''sen''<sup><small>5</small></sup> || rowspan="2"| – | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Feminine | ||
| ''les'' | | ''les'' | ||
|- | |- |
Revision as of 17:15, 30 March 2022
Essanian (Native: xanhán /ʃaˈɲan/) is an Iberian Romance language descended from Mozarabic.
Essanian | |
---|---|
La lengua xanhana لَلَانْغُوَ شَنَّنَ | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|la ˈleŋgwa ʃaˈɲana]] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Early forms | Mozarabic
|
Introduction
Etymology
The endonym xanhán is derived from the place name Xanha, from Latin Hispānia.
The English name Essanian is derived from the Medieval Latin equivalent Essanianus from Middle Essanian exanyán.
Phonology
Orthography
Latin orthography
Alphabet
|
|
|
Consonants
Letter | Context | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [b] | ||
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | [β̞] | |||
c | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
elsewhere | [k] | |||
before voiced consonants | [ɣ˕] | |||
ch | everywhere | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
ç | everywhere | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) | ||
d | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [d̪] | ||
after ⟨n⟩ word-finally | Ø | |||
elsewhere | [ð̞] | |||
f | everywhere | [f] | ||
g | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [dʒ] | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ʒ] | |||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | |||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕] | |||
gh | everywhere | [ʕ] | In Arabic loanwords | |
gu | before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | ||
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕w] | |||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | |||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕] | |||
gü | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕w] | |||
h | everywhere | [h] or [ħ] or [x] | Generally occurs in loanwords. | |
everywhere (rare) | Ø | Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation. | ||
j | either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [dʒ] | ||
elsewhere | [ʒ] | |||
k | rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | [k] | ||
l | everywhere | [l] | ||
lh | everywhere | [ʎ] | ||
m | everywhere except word-finally | [m] | ||
word-final | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | |||
n | everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | [n] | ||
before other consonants | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | ||
word-finally | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | |||
nh | everywhere | [ɲ] | ||
p | everywhere | [p] | ||
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | [β̞] | |||
qu | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [k] | ||
elsewhere | [kw] | |||
qü | only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [kw] | ||
r | word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) |
[r] | ||
elsewhere | [ɾ] | |||
rr | only occurs between vowels | [r] | ||
s | before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels | [z] | ||
everywhere else | [s] | |||
ss | only occurs between vowels | [s] | ||
t | everywhere | [t̪] | ||
before voiced consonants | [ð̞] | |||
v | everywhere | [v] | ||
w | everywhere | [w] | ||
x | everywhere | [ʃ] | ||
between vowels and word-finally | [ks] | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | ||
before a consonant | [ks] or [s] | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly). | ||
in the prefix ex- | [z]; [s] before a plosive | |||
y | as a semivowel (almost always in a diphthong) | [i] or [j] | ||
as a consonant | [j] | |||
z | everywhere except word-finally | [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect) | ||
word-finally | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) |
Vowels
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
a | [ä] | ||
e | [e̞] | ||
i | [i] | ||
y | Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction y and the homophonous adverbial pronoun. | ||
o | [o̞] | ||
u | [u] |
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|
i | ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | [j] | ||
u | ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩, also ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] |
Stress
Stress in a word is determined from the way it is written by the following rules:
- If there is any vowel with an acute accent, that vowel is stressed.
- If there is no vowel with an acute accent:
- The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
- The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
- i + vowel and u + vowel are treated as one syllable.
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Primary stress may occur in any of the last three syllables of a word.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Articles
Definite Article
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | el; l' (before vowels) | los |
Feminine | la; l' (before a) | les |
Neuter | lo; l' (before vowels) | – |
Indefinite Article
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | un | unos |
Feminine | una | unes |
Neuter | uno | – |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person and number | Independent | Clitic | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | Object | Reflexive Object | Possessive | Direct object | Indirect object | Reflexive | Possessive | ||||
1st | Singular | yo | mi | miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo | me, m'1 | mo(n)2/mos, ma(n)2/mes, mo(n)2 | |||||
Plural | Masculine | nós; nosotros | nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso | nos | – | ||||||
Feminine | nós; nosotres | ||||||||||
2nd | Singular | Informal | tu | ti | tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo | te, t'1 | to(n)2/tos, ta(n)2/tes, to(n)2 | ||||
Formal | Masculine | vucé | sí | suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo | lu, l'1, l3 | lhi | se, s'1 | so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2 | |||
Feminine | la, l'4 | ||||||||||
Plural | Informal | Masculine | vós; vosotros | vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso | vos | – | |||||
Feminine | vós; vosotres | ||||||||||
Formal | Masculine | vucés | sí | lor/loros, lora/lores, loro | los | lhis | se, s'1, sen5 | – | |||
Feminine | les | ||||||||||
3rd | Singular | Masculine | elh | sí | suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo | lu, l'1, l3 | lhi, lh'1 | se, s'1 | so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2 | ||
Feminine | elha | la, l'4 | |||||||||
Neuter | elho | lo, l'1 | |||||||||
Plural | Masculine | elhos | lor/loros, lora/lores, loro | los | lhis | se, s'1, sen5 | – | ||||
Feminine | elhes | les |
Notes:
1 Preverbal before vowel.
2 -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel. Also note that in more archaic forms of Essanian, a glide may be added after the initial consonant of the clitic possessives in both the singular and plural. This glide is -i- in the first person and -u- in the second and third persons.
3 Post-verbal after vowel.
4 Preverbal before a.
5 Post-verbal after non-finite form (infinitive, participles, etc.).
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá i dreitos. Dotatos de rachón y conxencha, deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá.
Other resources
Notes
- ^ In Essanian, the letters i and u can combine with other vowels to form falling and rising diphthongs. Y can also form falling diphthongs, almost always word-finally.