Essanian: Difference between revisions
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====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also be used in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic. | Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also be used in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic. | ||
=====Regular plurals===== | |||
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows: | Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows: | ||
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=====Irregular plurals===== | |||
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals. | |||
In all cases, it is accepted to pluralize these words regularly. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== |
Revision as of 11:57, 31 March 2022
Essanian (Native: xanhán /ʃaˈɲan/) is an Iberian Romance language descended from Mozarabic.
Essanian | |
---|---|
La lengua xanhana لَلَانْغُوَ شَنَّنَ | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|la ˈleŋgwa ʃaˈɲana]] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Early forms | Mozarabic
|
Introduction
Etymology
The endonym xanhán is derived from the place name Xanha, from Latin Hispānia.
The English name Essanian is derived from the Medieval Latin equivalent Essanianus from Middle Essanian exanyán.
Phonology
Orthography
Latin orthography
Alphabet
|
|
|
Consonants
Letter | Context | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [b] | ||
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | [β̞] | |||
c | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
elsewhere | [k] | |||
before voiced consonants | [ɣ˕] | |||
ch | everywhere | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ||
ç | everywhere | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) | ||
d | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [d̪] | ||
after ⟨n⟩ word-finally | Ø | |||
elsewhere | [ð̞] | |||
f | everywhere | [f] | ||
g | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [dʒ] | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ʒ] | |||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | |||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕] | |||
gh | everywhere | [ʕ] | In Arabic loanwords | |
gu | before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | ||
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕w] | |||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | |||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕] | |||
gü | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕w] | |||
h | everywhere | [h] or [ħ] or [x] | Generally occurs in loanwords. | |
everywhere (rare) | Ø | Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation. | ||
j | either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [dʒ] | ||
elsewhere | [ʒ] | |||
k | rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | [k] | ||
l | everywhere | [l] | ||
lh | everywhere | [ʎ] | ||
m | everywhere except word-finally | [m] | ||
word-final | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | |||
n | everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | [n] | ||
before other consonants | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | ||
word-finally | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | |||
nh | everywhere | [ɲ] | ||
p | everywhere | [p] | ||
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | [β̞] | |||
qu | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [k] | ||
elsewhere | [kw] | |||
qü | only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [kw] | ||
r | word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) |
[r] | ||
elsewhere | [ɾ] | |||
rr | only occurs between vowels | [r] | ||
s | before a voiced consonant (e.g. ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩,⟨g⟩) or between vowels | [z] | ||
everywhere else | [s] | |||
ss | only occurs between vowels | [s] | ||
t | everywhere | [t̪] | ||
before voiced consonants | [ð̞] | |||
v | everywhere | [v] | ||
w | everywhere | [w] | ||
x | everywhere | [ʃ] | ||
between vowels and word-finally | [ks] | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | ||
before a consonant | [ks] or [s] | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly). | ||
in the prefix ex- | [z]; [s] before a plosive | |||
y | as a semivowel (almost always in a diphthong) | [i] or [j] | ||
as a consonant | [j] | |||
z | everywhere except word-finally | [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect) | ||
word-finally | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) |
Vowels
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
a | [ä] | ||
e | [e̞] | ||
i | [i] | ||
y | Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction y and the homophonous adverbial pronoun. | ||
o | [o̞] | ||
u | [u] |
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|
In rising diphthongs | ||||
i | ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | [j] | ||
u | ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | ||
ü | ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | ||
In falling diphthongs | ||||
i | ⟨i⟩ after a vowel | [j] | ||
y | ⟨y⟩ after a vowel | [j] | Almost always word-final. -iy is pronounced [i]. | |
u | ⟨u⟩ after a vowel | [w] | ||
w | ⟨w⟩ after a vowel | [w] | Almost always word-final. -uw is pronounced [w]. |
Note:
iu and ui are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by t. iw and uy always represent falling diphthongs.
Stress
Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:
- If there is any vowel with an acute accent, that vowel is stressed.
- If there is no vowel with an acute accent:
- The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
- The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
- Note that:
- iV and uV (where V represents any other vowel) are treated as one syllable.
- The exception to this is if the i or u has an accent. However, this is rare since words that would have íV and úV are usually written as iyV and uwV.
- Final -y and -w are treated as consonants, and they shift the stress to the final syllable.
- iV and uV (where V represents any other vowel) are treated as one syllable.
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Primary stress may occur in any of the last three syllables of a word.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Articles
Definite Article
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | el, 'l (after vowels), l' (before vowels) | los |
Feminine | la, l' (before a) | les |
Neuter | lo, l' (before vowels) | – |
Indefinite Article
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | un | unos |
Feminine | una | unes |
Neuter | uno | – |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person, Number, Formality, Gender | Independent | Clitic | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | Object | Reflexive Object | Possessive | Direct object | Indirect object | Reflexive | Possessive | ||||
1st | Singular | yo | mi | miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo | me, m'1 | mo(n)2/mos, ma(n)2/mes, mo(n)2 | |||||
Plural | Masculine | nós; nosotros | nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso | nos | – | ||||||
Feminine | nós; nosotres | ||||||||||
2nd | Singular | Informal | tu | ti | tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo | te, t'1 | to(n)2/tos, ta(n)2/tes, to(n)2 | ||||
Formal | Masculine | vucé | sí | suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo | lu, l'1, -l3 | lhi | se, s'1 | so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2 | |||
Feminine | la, l'4 | ||||||||||
Plural | Informal | Masculine | vós; vosotros | vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso | vos | – | |||||
Feminine | vós; vosotres | ||||||||||
Formal | Masculine | vucés | sí | lor/loros, lora/lores, loro | los | lhis | se, s'1, -sen5 | – | |||
Feminine | les | ||||||||||
3rd | Singular | Masculine | elh | sí | suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo | lu, l'1, -l3 | lhi, lh'1 | se, s'1 | so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2 | ||
Feminine | elha | la, l'4 | |||||||||
Neuter | elho | lo, l'1 | |||||||||
Plural | Masculine | elhos | lor/loros, lora/lores, loro | los | lhis | se, s'1, -sen5 | – | ||||
Feminine | elhes | les | |||||||||
Impersonal | wemo | sí | suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo | lo, l'1 | lhi, lh'1 | se, s'1 | so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2 |
Notes:
1 Preverbal before vowel.
2 -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel. Also note that in more archaic forms of Essanian, a glide may be added after the initial consonant of the clitic possessives in both the singular and plural. This glide is -i- in the first person and -u- in the second and third persons.
3 Post-verbal after vowel.
4 Preverbal before a.
5 Post-verbal after non-finite form (infinitive, participles, etc.).
When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP (see below)
Adverbial object pronouns
The following adverbial clitic object pronouns are used:
- y, b' (pre-verbal before vowels), -y (post-verbal) = equivalent to French y
- en, n' (pre-verbal before vowels), -ne (post-verbal) = equivalent to French en
When both adverbial object pronouns are used at once, they combine as en b' preverbally before vowels and n'y otherwise.
Nouns
Gender
Nouns may be masculine or feminine.
Number
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also be used in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic.
Regular plurals
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows:
Ending | Gender | Plural | Dual | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stressed vowel | M/F | -s | -tén | These endings are added after the final vowel, which is left unchanged. |
Consonant | most M | -os | -én | An exception are nouns ending in -nt that do not refer to people. Such nouns are masculine in gender but take -es in the plural. |
F; some M | -es | -én | In addition to feminine nouns, masculine inanimate nouns ending in -nt take -es in the plural. | |
-a | M/F | -es | -atén | Most words ending in -a are feminine. |
-u; -o | M/F | -os | -én | Most words ending in -u are masculine. Nouns ending in unstressed -o are rare. |
-e; -i | M/F | -es | -én | Nouns ending in unstressed -i are rare. |
Irregular plurals
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in -ín (masculine) or -at (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.
In all cases, it is accepted to pluralize these words regularly.
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá y dreitos. Dotatos de rachón y conxencha, deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá.
/ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ doˈtados de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/