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| {{construction}}
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/>
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]
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| {{Infobox language
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| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = ''thensārimar''
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| |pronunciation= /θensaːrimar/
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| |region = Talmo
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| |extinct = 220 v.T.
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| |familycolor=PfK
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| |fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
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| |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
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| |script={{PAGENAME}} script
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| |iso3=qth
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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|
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| {{PAGENAME}} is an ancient Quame language and the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired by Latin and Arabic.
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|
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| ==Notes on notation==
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| ===Glossary===
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| *<sup>CLF</sup>: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential)
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| *''H'': vowel hiatus with next syllable
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| *''N'': denotes a homorganic nasal
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| *''Z'': denotes ''r'' before a vowel or voiced C, ''s'' before a voiceless C, null before ''z''
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| *''~'': cognate to
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|
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| ==Background==
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| :''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Talmic]].
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|
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| The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/θɛmˈsɑɹiən/) '''language''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''gathuēs thensārimēs'' "the {{PAGENAME}} throat") is a language classified into an [[Talmic languages|isolated subbranch]] of the [[Raxo-Talmic languages|Raxo-Talmic]] language family, along with other para-{{PAGENAME}} languages which are/were natively spoken in the peninsula of Tálsym in the northwestern part of the Gameda subcontinent. The language remains clearly related to its continental relatives such as [[Naquian]] (It is often said that {{PAGENAME}} uses the same affixes as Raxic with different meanings); however, due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence (the substrate is sometimes speculated to have been a head-initial polysynthetic language), {{PAGENAME}} was a typological and lexical outlier in the larger family, within which it was distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax and and its verb system approaching polysynthetic languages in complexity. The name of the {{PAGENAME}} language comes from the Thensár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the Andaegṓr Empire. This elevated register/lect existed in a state of diglossia with the vernacular "dialects", diverse and often mutually unintelligible but still quite similar at this time. The prestige language described in this article, called Noble {{PAGENAME}} (''themsárimar ħéntar''), was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220 v.c., and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the peninsula and surrounding mainland areas.
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|
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| ==Diachronics==
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| #u ū > y ȳ, iu, īu > y ȳ
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| #o > u in selected places
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| #ou, ōu > u ū
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| #ei > ī, ēi > ē
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| #oi > ū, ōi > ō
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| #eu > io, ēu > eū > iō
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| #ui, ūi > u ū
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|
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| Classical {{PAGENAME}} used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Dental
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Radical
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| |colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
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| | <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| |colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
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| | '''c''' /k/
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| | '''ȝ''' /ʡ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| |colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
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| | '''g''' /g/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' /f/
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| | '''th''' /θ/
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''ch''' /x/
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| | '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
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| |rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''dh''' /ð/
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| | '''z''' /z/
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| | '''gh''' /ɣ/
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| | <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''v''' /ʋ~w/
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| | colspan="2"| '''l''' /l/
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| | '''j''' /j/
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| |}
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|
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| Geminate /x/ and /θ/ are Romanized ''cch'' and ''tth'' respectively.
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|
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| ====Conditioned allophony====
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| Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
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| ! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
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| ! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2"| /ʡ/
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| | [ʡ]
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| | #_, C[+voiceless]_, V_V
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| |-
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|
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| | [ʕ~ʢ]
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| | C[+voiced]_
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| |-
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| | /h/
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| | [ɦ]
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| | V_V
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| |-
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| |rowspan="2"| /n/
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| | [ŋ]
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| | _C[+velar, +plosive]
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| |-
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| | [ɱ]
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| | _C[+labiodental]
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| |-
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| | C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
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| | C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
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| | _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
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| |}
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|
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| ===Vowels===
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| Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!--
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| {| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
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| |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
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| |style="padding-bottom:3px;"|
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
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| | style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
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| | style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
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| | style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
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|
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| {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
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| |-
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| | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| |}
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| </div></div>
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
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| |}-->
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| <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
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|
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ī''' /iː/
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| | '''y''' /ÿ/
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| | '''ȳ''' /ÿː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''ū''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e̞/
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| | '''ē''' /e̞ː/
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| | '''o''' /o̞/
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| | '''ō''' /o̞ː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''ā''' /aː/
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs: '''ae au ui'''
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|
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| /ÿ/ is a close central compressed vowel [ɨᵝ].
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|
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| ===Suprasegmentals===
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|
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| The maximal syllable structure is (s)CCVCC, where V is any vowel or diphthong, and the second element in a complex coda must be an obstruent. /h/ cannot occur in clusters or coda; radicals are prohibited word-finally.
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|
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| ===Syllable structure and morphophonology===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
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| ! rowspan=2 | 1st Consonant
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| ! colspan=20| Last Consonant
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| |-
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| ! m
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| ! n
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| ! p
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| ! t
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| ! k
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| ! b
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| ! d
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| ! g
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| ! s
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| ! š
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| ! tl
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| ! ts
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| ! tš
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| ! h
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| ! x
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| ! w
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| ! ǧ
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| ! y
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| ! l
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| ! r
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| |-
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| ! m
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| | mm
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| | mb
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| | mb
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| | nd
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| | ng
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| | mb
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| | nd
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| | ng
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| | ss
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| | šš
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| | ndr
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| | ns
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| | nš
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| | mm
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| | nǧ
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| | mm
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| | nǧ
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| | ny
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| | lm
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| | ndr
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| |-
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| ! n
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| | nd
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| | nn
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| | mb
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| | nd
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| | ng
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| | mb
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| | nd
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| | ng
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| | ss
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| | šš
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| | ndr
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| | ns
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| | nš
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| | nn
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| | nǧ
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| | mm
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| | nǧ
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| | nn
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| | lm
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| | ndr
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| |-
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| ! p
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| ! t
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| ! k
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| ! b
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| ! d
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| ! g
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| ! h
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| |-
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| ! y
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| |-
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| ! l
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| |-
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| ! r
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| |}
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|
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| ===Phonological diachronics===
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| ====Simple consonant correspondences====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! PTal
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| ! {{recon|m}}
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| ! {{recon|p}}
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| ! {{recon|b}}
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| ! {{recon|ɸ}}
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| ! {{recon|n}}
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| ! {{recon|t}}
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| ! {{recon|d}}
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| ! {{recon|s}}
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| ! {{recon|z}}
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| ! {{recon|r}}
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| ! {{recon|θ}}
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| ! {{recon|ł}}
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| ! {{recon|λ}}
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| ! {{recon|l}}
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| ! {{recon|j}}
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| ! {{recon|k}}
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| ! {{recon|g}}
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| ! {{recon|x}}
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| ! {{recon|kʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|gʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|xʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|w}}
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| ! {{recon|q}}
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| ! {{recon|χ}}
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| ! {{recon|ʁ}}
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| ! {{recon|ʔ}}
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| ! {{recon|h}}
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| |-
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| ! Thm.
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| | ''m''
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| | ''p''
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| | ''b''
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| | ''f''
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| | ''n''
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| | ''t''
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| | ''d''
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| | ''s''
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| | ''z'', ''-r-''
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| | ''r''
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| | ''th''
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| | ''th''
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| | ''dh''
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| | ''l''
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| | ''j''
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| | ''c''
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| | ''g''
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| | ''ch''
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| | ''c''
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| | ''v''
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| | ''f''
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| | ''v''
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| | ''q''
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| | ''ħ''
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| | ''gh''
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| | 0-
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| | ''h-''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Consonant clusters====
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| *''*sm, *sn, *sl, *sr'' > ''mm, nn, ll, rr''
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| *''*mʔ, *nʔ, *lʔ, *rʔ'' > ''mm, nn, ll, rr'' OR ''mp, nt, lt, rt''
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| *''*mh, *nh, *lh, *rh'' > ''nf, nth, lth, rth''
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| *coronal obstruent + sibilant<sub>i</sub> > sibilant<sub>i</sub>sibilant<sub>i</sub>
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| *CC[+resonant]{C, #} > CyC[+resonant]{C, #}
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| **Cyj{C, #} > Ci{C, #}
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| *CC[-resonant]C > CiC[-resonant]C
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| *''jy[ː]'' > ''i[ː]''
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| *''z'' > ''r'' / V_C[-semivowel, +voiced, ~{/z/}]
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| *''h'' > [ː~] / _C[+fricative]
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| *''*ʔ'' > [ː~] / _C
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| *''c'' > ''ch'' / _{''d'', ''t''}
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| *''*tk''/''*łt''/''*pt''/''*kt''/''*łk'', ''*tx'' > ''cht'', ''cth''
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| *''q''
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| **> ''ħ'' / _{''t''}
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| *''nr'' > ''ndr'', ''lr'' > ''ldr''
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| *''e'' > ''a'' / ʔ_#
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| *''ds ts ths zs ts'' > ''ss''
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| *''dz tz thz tz zz'' > ''z''
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| *''*λ'' > ''l'', ''*λλ'' > ''ld''
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| *''*ḽ'' > ''dh'', ''*ḽḽ'' > ''ldh''
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|
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| ====Vowel correspondences====
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| <!--===Post-classical readings===
| |
| The greatest variation is found in palatalization and the treatment of tone, radicals and interdentals.
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Grapheme
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| ! '''r'''
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| ! '''d'''
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| ! '''z'''
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| ! '''m'''
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| ! '''p'''
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| ! '''b'''
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| ! '''f'''
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| ! '''n'''
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| ! '''t'''
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| ! '''th'''
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| ! '''dh'''
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| ! '''s'''
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| ! '''c'''
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| ! '''g'''
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| ! '''ch'''
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| ! '''q'''
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| ! '''ħ'''
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| ! '''l'''
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| ! '''v'''
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| ! '''j'''
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| ! '''h'''
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| |-
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| ! Classical
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| | /r/
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| | /d/
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| | /z/
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| | /m/
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| | /p/
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| | /b/
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| | /f/
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| | /n/
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| | /t/
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| | /θ/
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| | /ð/
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| | /s/
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| | /k/
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| | /g/
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| | /x/
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| | /ʡ/
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| | /ħ/
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| | /l/
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| | /ʋˠ/
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| | /j/
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| | /h/
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| |-
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| ![[Núrian]]
| |
| | /r/, /r̥/
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| | /d/, /dʱ/
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| | /z/, /zʱ/
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| | /m/, /m̥/
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| | /p/, /pʰ/
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| | /b/, /bʱ/
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| | /f/, /pfʰ/
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| | /n/, /n̥/
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| | /t/, /tʰ/
| |
| | /t/, /tʰ/
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| | /d/, /dʱ/
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| | /s/, /sʰ/
| |
| | /k/, /kʰ/
| |
| | /g/, /gʱ/
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| | /x/, /kxʰ/
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| | /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/
| |
| | /ʕ/, /ħ/
| |
| | /l/, /ɬ/
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| | /w/, /ʍ/
| |
| | /j/, /ɧ/
| |
| | Ø, /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| !|[[Qelorian]]
| |
| | /r/
| |
| | /d̪/
| |
| | /z/
| |
| | /m/
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /b/
| |
| | /f/
| |
| | /n̪/
| |
| | /t̪/
| |
| | /f/
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| | /v/
| |
| | /s/
| |
| | /k/
| |
| | /ɴ/
| |
| | /χ/
| |
| | /ɴ/
| |
| | /χ/, /a/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /v/
| |
| | Ø
| |
| | Ø
| |
| |-
| |
| !|[[Snaħħian]]
| |
| | /r/
| |
| | /d̪/, /dʒ/
| |
| | /z/, /ʒ/
| |
| | /m/
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /b/
| |
| | /ɸ~β/
| |
| | /n̪/
| |
| | /t̪/, /tʃ/
| |
| | /ħ/
| |
| | /d̪/
| |
| | /s/, /ʃ/
| |
| | /k/, /tʃ/
| |
| | /g/, /dʒ/
| |
| | /x/, /ʃ/
| |
| | /ʕ/
| |
| | /ħ/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /f~v/
| |
| | /j/
| |
| | Ø
| |
| |}
| |
| -->
| |
|
| |
| ==Orthography==
| |
| [[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} script in the ''tā́thimā́'' style.|240px]]
| |
|
| |
| The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length and tones. It has developed from a runic alphabet. In the earliest texts vowel length and tone were not recorded; diacritics for these were first devised for religious and official purposes and gradually came to be universally mandatory. In texts meant to be sung (e.g. poetry or hymns) the tone marks are substituted with various cantillation marks that 'correspond' to the tone. Tone is generally ''not'' assigned when transcribing foreign words.
| |
|
| |
| The alphabetical order is as follows:
| |
| #'''R:''' ''raebe'' 'bud'
| |
| #'''D:''' ''drāle'' 'wave'
| |
| #'''Z:''' ''zungin'' 'banner'
| |
| #'''I:''' ''īr'' 'island'
| |
| #'''GH:''' ''ghel'' 'mouse'
| |
| #'''A:''' ''ail'' 'heart'
| |
| #'''Ħ:''' ''ħestūbir'' 'petals'
| |
| #'''F:''' ''fantor'' 'wings'
| |
| #'''M:''' ''merrī'' 'equanimity'
| |
| #'''L:''' ''lucce'' 'pericarp'
| |
| #'''G:''' ''gathue'' 'throat'
| |
| #'''C:''' ''caro'' 'human'
| |
| #'''H:''' ''hel'' 'voice'
| |
| #'''B:''' ''būn'' 'fish'
| |
| #'''S:''' ''saumo'' 'moon'
| |
| #'''V:''' ''vāla'' 'gate'
| |
| #'''O:''' ''osīna'' 'rill'
| |
| #'''J:''' ''jādhe'' 'bird'
| |
| #'''Ȝ:''' ''ȝēdo'' 'saw'
| |
| #'''DH:''' ''dhorfas'' 'to pierce'
| |
| #'''Y:''' ''yste'' 'air'
| |
| #'''CH:''' ''chaustis'' 'to go down'
| |
| #'''T:''' ''tīme'' 'hand'
| |
| #'''N:''' ''nuss'' 'to go up'
| |
| #'''TH:''' ''thrāpa'' 'combat'
| |
| #'''P:''' ''paur'' 'pond'
| |
| #'''E:''' ''era'' 'upright'
| |
| #'''U:''' ''umīse'' 'tent'
| |
|
| |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| ====Present====
| |
| *1sg -īn
| |
| *2sg -r
| |
| *3sg.m -mi
| |
| *3sg.s -si
| |
| *1dl.ex -unt? -ynt? -ant?
| |
| *1dl.in -nar
| |
| *2dl -lar
| |
| *3pl -ing
| |
| *1ex -maech
| |
| *1in -nis
| |
| *2pl -lis
| |
| *3pl -ti
| |
|
| |
| ====Preterite====
| |
| *-mer
| |
| *-ser
| |
| *-ter
| |
| ====Jussive====
| |
| *-mior
| |
| *-sior
| |
| *-tior
| |
| [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]]
| |