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| {{construction}}
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/>
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]
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|
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| {{Infobox language
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| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |setting = Hussmauch
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = ''θensārimem''
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| |pronunciation= /θensaːrimem/
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| |region = Talmy
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| |extinct = 220 v.T.
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| |familycolor=PfK
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| |fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
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| |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
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| |fam3= Thensaric
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| |iso3=qth
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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|
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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.
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|
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| ==Todo==
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|
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| ==Notes on notation==
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| ===Glossary===
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| *''~'': cognate to
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|
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| ==Background==
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| :''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum]].''
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|
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {{PAGENAME}} used 20 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Dental
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Radical
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| |colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
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| | <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | ('''p''' /p/)
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| |colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
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| |
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| | '''c''' /k/
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| | '''ȝ''' /ʡ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| |colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
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| | '''g''' /g/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' /φ/
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| | '''θ''' /θ/
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
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| |rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''δ''' /ð/
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| | '''z''' /z/
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| | <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''v''' /w~ʋ/
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''j''' /j/
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| |}
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|
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|
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| ;Notes
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| *Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are unaspirated.
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| */r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
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| */l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
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| */p/ is not a native phoneme, only occurring in Kagasa or Clofabic borrowings.
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|
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| ====Conditioned allophony====
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| Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
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| ! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
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| ! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
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| |-
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| |rowspan="2"| /n/
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| | [ŋ]
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| | _C[+velar, +plosive]
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| |-
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| | [ɱ]
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| | _C[+labiodental]
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| |-
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| | C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
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| | C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
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| | _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
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| |}
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|
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| ===Vowels===
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| Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!--
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| {| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
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| |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
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| |style="padding-bottom:3px;"|
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
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| | style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
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| | style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
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| | style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
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|
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| {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
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| |-
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| | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
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|
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| |}
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| </div></div>
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
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| |}-->
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| <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
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|
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ī''' /iː/
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| | '''y''' /ÿ/
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| | '''ȳ''' /ÿː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''ū''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''ē''' /eː/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| | '''ō''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''ā''' /aː/
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs: '''ae ao ui'''
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|
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| ;Notes
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|
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| */ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
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| */e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.
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|
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| ===Suprasegmentals===
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|
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| ===Phonotactics===
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|
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| ===Phonological diachronics===
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| ====Simple consonant correspondences====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! PTal
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| ! {{recon|m}}
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| ! {{recon|p}}
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| ! {{recon|b}}
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| ! {{recon|ɸ}}
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| ! {{recon|n}}
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| ! {{recon|t}}
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| ! {{recon|d}}
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| ! {{recon|s}}
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| ! {{recon|z}}
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| ! {{recon|r}}
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| ! {{recon|θ}}
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| ! {{recon|ł}}
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| ! {{recon|λ}}
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| ! {{recon|l}}
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| ! {{recon|j}}
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| ! {{recon|k}}
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| ! {{recon|g}}
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| ! {{recon|x}}
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| ! {{recon|kʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|gʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|xʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|w}}
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| ! {{recon|q}}
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| ! {{recon|χ}}
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| ! {{recon|ʁ}}
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| ! {{recon|ʔ}}
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| ! {{recon|h}}
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| |-
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| ! Thm.
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| | ''m''
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| | ''p''
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| | ''b''
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| | ''f''
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| | ''n''
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| | ''t''
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| | ''d''
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| | ''s''
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| | ''z'', ''-r-''
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| | ''r''
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| | ''θ''
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| | ''θ''
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| | ''δ''
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| | ''l''
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| | ''j''
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| | ''c''
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| | ''g''
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| | ''χ''
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| | ''c''
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| | ''v''
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| | ''f''
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| | ''v''
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| | ''ʒ''
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| | ''ħ''
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| | ''γ''
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| | 0-
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| | ''h-''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Consonant clusters====
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| *''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''?
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|
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| ====Vowel reflexes====
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| Usually:
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| *{{recon|''a''}} > ''o''
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| *{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e''
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| *{{recon|''i''}} > ''i''
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| *{{recon|''u''}} > ''u'' (or ''o'' if {{recon|''a''}} should > ''a'')
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| *{{recon|''ay''}} > ''ȳ''
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| *{{recon|''əy''}} > ''ae''
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| *{{recon|''uy''}} > ''ū''
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| *{{recon|''iy, iʔ, ix''}} > ''ī''
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| *{{recon|''aw''}} > ''ao''
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| *{{recon|''əw''}} > ''iō''
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| *{{recon|''iw''}} > ''iū''
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| *{{recon|''uw''}} > ''ū''
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| *{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > ''Ca''
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| *{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co''
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| *{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy''
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| *{{recon|''əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē''
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| **or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''?
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| *{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' for sure
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| *{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''ao''?
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| *{{recon|''ix̌ʷ''}} > ''iō''?
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| *{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''?
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| *{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''iā''
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| *{{recon|''iy(ə)x''}} > ''iē''
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|
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| ==Orthography==
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| [[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} runic script.|240px]]
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|
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| The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.
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|
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| The alphabetical order is as follows:
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| #'''R:'''
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| #'''D:'''
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| #'''Z:'''
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| #'''I:'''
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| #'''A:'''
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| #'''Ħ:'''
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| #'''F:'''
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| #'''M:'''
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| #'''L:'''
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| #'''G:'''
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| #'''C:'''
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| #'''H:'''
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| #'''B:'''
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| #'''S:'''
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| #'''V:'''
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| #'''O:'''
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| #'''J:'''
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| #'''Ȝ:'''
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| #'''Δ:'''
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| #'''Y:'''
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| #'''T:'''
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| #'''N:'''
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| #'''Θ:'''
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| #'''P:'''
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| #'''E:'''
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| #'''U:'''
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|
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| ====Masculine nouns====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="4" | ''θȳrom'' 'bird'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
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| |-
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| ! Indefinite
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| | ''θȳrom'' || ''θoθȳrom'' || ''θȳrīs''
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| |-
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| ! Definite
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| | ''θȳrai'' || ''θoθȳrae'' || ''θȳrinny''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Feminine nouns====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="4" | ''gondā'' 'body'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
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| |-
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| ! Indefinite
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| | ''gondā'' || ''gogondā'' || ''gondār''
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| |-
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| ! Definite
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| | ''gondām'' || ''gogondām'' || ''gondāsa''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Neuter nouns====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="4" | ''tectȳ'' 'child'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
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| |-
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| ! Indefinite
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| | ''tecty'' || ''tetecty'' || ''tectȳn''
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| |-
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| ! Definite
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| | ''tectys'' || ''tetectys'' || ''tectȳr''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Mass nouns====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="4" | ''jenā'' 'water' (n.)
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
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| |-
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| ! Indefinite
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| | ''jenā'' || ''jenenā''
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| |-
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| ! Definite
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| | ''jenaȝes'' || ''jenenaȝes''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Verbs===
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| The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
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|
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| #switch-reference marker
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| #applicative or derivational prefixes
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| #object prefix
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| #(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
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| #'''STEM'''
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| #voice suffix
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| #TAM + subject
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| #emphatic suffix ''-is''
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|
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| Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
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|
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| ====Object markers====
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| *3: ''be-''
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| ====TAM + subject markers====
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| Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
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|
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| *Consonant stems: (-y-)
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| *Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
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|
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| The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:
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| *''cafsynis'' = I eat
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| *''tir cafsyn'' = I do not eat
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| =====Present=====
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| ''toren'' = 'I flourish'
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|
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| ''toren(is), torer(is), torem(is), toresi(s), tore(s), toremā(s), torente(s), toresce(s), toreti(s)''
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| *1sg ''-n(is)''
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| *2sg ''-r(is)''
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| *3sg.m ''-m(is)''
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| *3sg.f ''-si(s)''
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| *3sg.n ''-((i)s)''?
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| *1ex ''-mā(s)''
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| *1in ''-nte(s)''
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| *2pl ''-sce(s)''
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| *3pl ''-ti(s)''
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|
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| =====Imperfect=====
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| ''totoren(is), totorer(is), totorem(is), totoresi(s), totore(s), totoremā(s), totorente(s), totoresce(s), totoreti(s)''
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| Reduplication + present suffixes
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| =====Perfect=====
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| Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly ''STEM-īn-'')
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|
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| =====Preterite=====
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| ''torenne(s), torerȳ(s), toresmi(s), toressi(s), toreso(s), toremer(is), toreter(is), torescer(is), torester(is)''
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| *1sg: ''-nne(s)''
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| *2sg: ''-rȳ(s)''
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| *3sg.m: ''-smi(s)''
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| *3pl.f: ''-ssi(s)''
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| *3sg.n: ''-so(s)''
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| *1ex: ''-mer(is)''
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| *1in: ''-ter(is)''
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| *3pl: ''-scer(is)''
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| *3pl: ''-ster(is)''
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|
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| =====Future=====
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| ''toretēn(is), toretēr(is), toretēm(is), toretēsi(s), toretē(s), toretēmā(s), toretēnt(is), toretēsce(s), toretēti(s)''
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| *1sg ''-tēn(is)''
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| *2sg ''-tēr(is)''
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| *3sg.m ''-tēm(is)''
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| *3sg.f ''-tēsi(s)''
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| *3sg.n ''-tē(s)''?
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| *1ex ''-tēmā(s)''
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| *1in ''-tēnt(is)''
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| *2pl ''-tēsce(s)''
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| *3pl ''-tēti(s)''
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|
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| =====Subjunctive=====
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| ''torenae(s), torerae(s), toremior(is), toresior(is), torior(is), toremae(s), torentae(s), torescae(s), toretior(is)''
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| *1sg: ''-nae(s)''
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| *2sg: ''-rae(s)''
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| *3sg.m: ''-mior(is)''
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| *3sg.f: ''-sior(is)''
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| *3sg.n: ''-ior(is)''
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| *1ex: ''-mae(s)''
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| *1in: ''-ntae(s)''
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| *2pl: ''-scae(s)''
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| *3pl: ''-tior(is)''
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|
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| =====Optative=====
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| *1sg ''-von(is)''?
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| *2sg ''-vor(is)''
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| *3sg.m ''-vom(is)''
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| *3sg.f ''-vosi(s)''
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| *3sg.n ''-vo((i)s)''
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| *1ex ''-vomā(s)''
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| *1in ''-vunt(is)''
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| *2pl ''-vosce(s)''
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| *3pl ''-voti(s)''
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|
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| =====Imperative=====
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| ''tores!/ham tore!, torentēs!/ham torentē!, torescēs!/ham torescē!''
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| *2sg: ''-e(s)''/''-(is)''
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| *1pl.in: ''-ntē(s)''
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| *2pl: ''-scē(s)''
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|
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| *''mer-'' = nominalizer
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| *''-ro-'' = passive marker
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| *''-t-'' = a causative marker
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|
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| ===Numbers===
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| *1: ''cēmom''
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| *2: ''tiθōr''
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|
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| ==Syntax==
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| Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).
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| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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|
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| [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]]
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