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| {{construction}}
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/>
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]
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|
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| {{Infobox language
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| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |setting = Hussmauch
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = ''θensārimem''
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| |pronunciation= /θensaːrimem/
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| |region = Talmy
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| |extinct = 220 v.T.
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| |familycolor=PfK
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| |fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
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| |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
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| |fam3= Thensaric
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| |iso3=qth
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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|
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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the the ancestor of most living [[Talmic languages]], including [[Tígeł]] and [[Nurian]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic, Latin and Arabic, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.
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|
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| ==Todo==
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| Explain those clusters from PQ clusters
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|
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| *''ȝastran'' = 'laugh'
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|
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| ==Notes on notation==
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| ===Glossary===
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| *''~'': cognate to
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|
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| ==Background==
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| :''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum]].''
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|
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {{PAGENAME}} used 18 consonants.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Dental
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Radical
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| |colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
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| | <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | ('''p''' /p/)
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| |colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
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| | '''c''' /k/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| |colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
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| | '''g''' /g/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' /φ/
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| | '''θ''' /θ/
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''ħ''' /ħ/
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| |rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''δ''' /ð/
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| | ('''z''' /z/)
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| | '''ȝ''' /ʕ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''v''' /w~ʋ/
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''j''' /j/
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| |}
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|
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|
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| ;Notes
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| *Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets but unaspirated after /s/.
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| */r/ is an alveolar trill [r] or tap [ɾ].
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| */l/ is dental [l̪].
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| */p, z/ are not native phonemes, only occurring in Netagin or Clofabic borrowings; [z] does occur as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
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| */ʕ/ is either a pharyngeal plosive [ʡ] or an epiglottal approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.
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|
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| ===Vowels===
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| {{PAGENAME}} had a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.
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|
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ī''' /iː/
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| | '''y''' /ÿ/
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| | '''ȳ''' /ÿː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''ū''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /ɛ/
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| | '''ē''' /eː/
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| | '''o''' /ɔ/
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| | '''ō''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''ā''' /aː/
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs: '''ae ao ui'''
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|
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| ;Notes
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|
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| */ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
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|
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| ===Suprasegmentals===
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|
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| ====Allowed clusters====
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| *R = resonant X = obstruent
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| *Clusters allowed word-initially are in '''bold'''.
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| =====Geminates=====
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| *''mm nn ll rr tt cc ss θθ''
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|
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| =====RR=====
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| *'''''mn mr''' nl nv lm ln lv rl rm rn rv '''vl vr'''''
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|
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| =====RX=====
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| *''nf nt nθ ns nc nħ''
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| *''mb nd nδ ng nȝ''
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| *''lf lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ''
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| *''rf rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ''
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|
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| =====XR=====
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| *'''''fn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn'''''
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| *'''''sm sn sl sr sv'''''
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| *'''''fl bl tl dl cl gl ȝl ħl'''''
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| *'''''fr br tr dr θr δr cr gr ȝr ħr'''''
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|
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| =====XX=====
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| *'''''sf st sc sȝ''' sb sd sg''
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| *''cs ct ħs ħt''
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|
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| =====XXR=====
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| *'''''sfr str scl scr sȝl sȝr'''''
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|
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| ===Phonological diachronics===
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| ====Consonant correspondences====
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| *''b'' < PQ ''pʼ, b''
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| *''f'' < PQ ''p''
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| *''t'' < PQ ''t, ƛ''
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| *''d'' < PQ ''tʼ, d''
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| *''θ'' < PQ ''ł''
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| *''δ'' < PQ ''ƛʼ''
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| *''s'' < PQ ''s, c, cʼ?''
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| *''c'' < PQ ''k, kʷ''
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| *''g'' < PQ ''kʼ, g''
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| *''ȝ'' < PQ ''q, qʷ, ɢ, ɢʷ''
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| *''ħ'' < PQ ''qʼ, qʷʼ''
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| *''h'' < PQ ''h''
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| *''m'' < PQ ''m, mʼ''
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| *''n'' < PQ ''n''
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| *''l'' < PQ ''l, λ''
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| *''r'' < PQ ''z, nʼ, lʼ, yʼ, cʼ''
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| *''v'' < PQ ''w, wʼ''
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| *''j'' < PQ ''y''
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|
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| ====Cluster resolution====
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| *''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''
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|
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| ====Vowel reflexes====
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| Usually:
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| *{{recon|''a''}} > ''o''
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| *{{recon|''ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''ā''
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| *{{recon|''aʔ, əx̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''
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| *{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e''
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| *{{recon|''i''}} > ''i''
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| *{{recon|''u''}} > ''u''
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| *{{recon|''ay''}} > ''ȳ''
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| *{{recon|''əy''}} > ''ae''
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| *{{recon|''uy''}} > ''ui''
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| *{{recon|''iy, iʔ, ix''}} > ''ī''
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| *{{recon|''aw''}} > ''ao''
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| *{{recon|''əw''}} > ''iō''
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| *{{recon|''iw''}} > ''iū''
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| *{{recon|''uʔ, ux, uw''}} > ''ū''
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| *{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > ''Ca''
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| *{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co''
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| *{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy''
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| *{{recon|''əʔ, əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē''
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| **or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''?
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| *{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō''
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| *{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''ao''
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| *{{recon|''ix̌ʷ''}} > ''iō''
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| *{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''
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| *{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''iā''
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| *{{recon|''əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ''}} > ''eā''
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| *{{recon|''iy(ə)x''}} > ''iē''
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|
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| ==Orthography==
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|
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| The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.
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|
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| The alphabetical order is as follows:
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| #'''R:'''
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| #'''D:'''
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| #'''Z:'''
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| #'''I:'''
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| #'''A:'''
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| #'''Ħ:'''
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| #'''F:'''
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| #'''M:'''
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| #'''L:'''
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| #'''G:'''
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| #'''C:'''
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| #'''H:'''
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| #'''B:'''
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| #'''S:'''
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| #'''V:'''
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| #'''O:'''
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| #'''J:'''
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| #'''Ȝ:'''
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| #'''Δ:'''
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| #'''Y:'''
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| #'''T:'''
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| #'''N:'''
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| #'''Θ:'''
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| #'''P:'''
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| #'''E:'''
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| #'''U:'''
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|
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| ====Masculine nouns====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="4" | ''δȳrom'' 'bird'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
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| |-
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| ! Indefinite
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| | ''δȳrom'' || ''δyδȳrom'' || ''δȳrīs''
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| |-
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| ! Definite
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| | ''δȳrae'' || ''δyδȳrae'' || ''δȳrinny''
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| |}
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|
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''δȳrom'' - 'word'
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| |-
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
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| |-
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| !|Construct
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| |''δȳrot''||''δȳror''
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| |-
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| !|1sg possessor
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| |''δȳrōn''||''δȳroryn''
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| |-
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| !|2sg.m possessor
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| |''δȳrossi''||''δȳroressi''
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| |-
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| !|2sg.f possessor
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| |''δȳrossy''||''δȳroressy''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.m possessor
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| |''δȳrō''||''δȳrory''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.f possessor
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| |''δȳrī''||''δȳrorī''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.n possessor
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| |''δȳra''||''δȳrora''
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| |-
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| !|1exc possessor
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| |''δȳrommo''||''δȳrorammo''
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| |-
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| !|1inc possessor
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| |''δȳront''||''δȳrorynt''
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| |-
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| !|2pl possessor
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| |''δȳrocca''||''δȳrorecca''
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| |-
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| !|3pl possessor
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| |''δȳrōr''||''δȳrorōr''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Feminine nouns====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="4" | ''gondā'' 'body'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
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| |-
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| ! Indefinite
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| | ''gondā'' || ''gogondā'' || ''gondār''
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| |-
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| ! Definite
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| | ''gondām'' || ''gogondām'' || ''gondāsa''
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| |}
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|
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gondā'' - 'body'
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| |-
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
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| |-
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| !|Construct
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| |''gondāt''||''gondanna''
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| |-
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| !|1sg possessor
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| |''gondaen''||''gondannan''
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| |-
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| !|2sg.m possessor
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| |''gondaessi''||''gondannassi''
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| |-
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| !|2sg.f possessor
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| |''gondaessy''||''gondannassy''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.m possessor
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| |''gondae''||''gondanny''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.f possessor
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| |''gondaeī''||''gondannī''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.n possessor
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| |''gondaea''||''gondanna''
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| |-
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| !|1exc possessor
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| |''gondaemmo''||''gondannammo''
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| |-
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| !|1inc possessor
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| |''gondaent''||''gondannynt''
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| |-
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| !|2pl possessor
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| |''gondaecca''||''gondannecca''
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| |-
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| !|3pl possessor
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| |''gondaeōr''||''gondannōr''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Neuter nouns====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="4" | ''tecty'' 'child'
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
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| |-
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| ! Indefinite
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| | ''tecty'' || ''tetecty'' || ''tectȳn''
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| |-
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| ! Definite
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| | ''tectys'' || ''tetectys'' || ''tectȳr''
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| |}
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|
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tecty'' - 'child'
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| |-
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
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| !style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
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| |-
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| !|Construct
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| |''tectyt''||''tectȳsi''
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| |-
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| !|1sg possessor
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| |''tectyn''||''tectȳsin''
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| |-
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| !|2sg.m possessor
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| |''tectyssi''||''tectȳssi''
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| |-
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| !|2sg.f possessor
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| |''tectyssy''||''tectȳssy''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.m possessor
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| |''tectymy''||''tectȳsiō''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.f possessor
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| |''tectymī''||''tectȳsī''
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| |-
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| !|3sg.n possessor
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| |''tectyma''||''tectȳsia''
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| |-
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| !|1exc possessor
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| |''tectȳmmo''||''tectȳsimmo''
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| |-
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| !|1inc possessor
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| |''tectȳnt''||''tectȳsint''
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| |-
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| !|2pl possessor
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| |''tectȳcca''||''tectȳsicca''
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| |-
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| !|3pl possessor
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| |''tectymōr''||''tectȳsiōr''
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| |}
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|
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| ====Mass nouns====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="4" | ''jenā'' 'water' (n.)
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
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| |-
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| ! Indefinite
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| | ''jenā'' || ''jenenā''
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| |-
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| ! Definite
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| | ''jenaȝes'' || ''jenenaȝes''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Adjectives===
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| The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.
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| ===Verbs===
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| The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
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|
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| #switch-reference marker
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| #applicative or derivational prefixes
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| #object prefix
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| #(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
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| #'''STEM'''
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| #voice suffix
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| #TAM + subject
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| #emphatic suffix ''-is''
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|
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| Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
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|
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| ====Object markers====
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| *1sg: ''ni-''
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| *2sg: ''ri-''
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| *3sg: ''bi-''
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| *1pl.ex: ''mē-''
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| *1pl.ex: ''dē-''
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| *2pl: ''sē-''
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| *3pl: ''nē-''
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|
| |
| ====TAM + subject markers====
| |
| Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
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|
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| *Consonant stems: (-y-)
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| *Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
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|
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| The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:
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| *''cacsyn'''is''''' = I eat
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| *''nīs cacsyn'' = I do not eat
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| =====Present=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussa'''nis''' || tore'''nis''' || cacsy'''nis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussa'''ris''' || tore'''ris''' || cacsy'''ris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussa'''mis''' || tore'''mis''' || cacsy'''mis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussa'''sis''' || tore'''sis''' || cacsy'''sis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussa'''s''' || tore'''s''' || cacsy'''s'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussa'''mēs''' || tore'''mēs''' || cacsy'''mēs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''ntis''' || tore'''ntis''' || cacsy'''ntis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''sces''' || tore'''sces''' || cacsy'''sces'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussa'''tis''' || tore'''tis''' || cacsy'''tis'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms (shown with ''nīs'' 'not'):
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || nīs tussa'''n''' || nīs tore'''n''' || nīs cacsy'''n'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || nīs tussa'''r''' || nīs tore'''r''' || nīs cacsy'''r'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''m''' || nīs tore'''m''' || nīs cacsy'''m'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''si''' || nīs tore'''si''' || nīs cacsy'''si'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || nīs tussa || nīs tore || nīs cacsy
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || nīs tussa'''mē''' || nīs tore'''mē''' || nīs cacsy'''mē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || nīs tussa'''nt''' || nīs tore'''nt''' || nīs cacsy'''nt'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || nīs tussa'''sce''' || nīs tore'''sce''' || nīs cacsy'''sce'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || nīs tussa'''t''' || nīs tore'''t''' || nīs cacsy'''t'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Imperfect=====
| |
| Uses reduplication:
| |
| *Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant
| |
| *Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- lengthen the first vowel
| |
|
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tetussa'''nis''' || tetore'''nis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tetussa'''ris''' || tetore'''ris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tetussa'''mis''' || tetore'''mis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tetussa'''sis''' || tetore'''sis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tetussa'''s''' || tetore'''s'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tetussa'''mēs''' || tetore'''mēs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tetussa'''ntis''' || tetore'''ntis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tetussa'''sces''' || tetore'''sces'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tetussa'''tis''' || tetore'''tis'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || nīs tetussa'''n''' || nīs tetore'''n'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || nīs tetussa'''r''' || nīs tetore'''r'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || nīs tetussa'''m''' || nīs tetore'''m'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || nīs tetussa'''si''' || nīs tetore'''si'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || nīs tetussa || nīs tetore
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || nīs tetussa'''mē''' || nīs tetore'''mē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || nīs tetussa'''nt''' || nīs tetore'''nt'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || nīs tetussa'''sce''' || nīs tetore'''sce'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || nīs tetussa'''t''' || nīs tetore'''t'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Preterite=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussa'''nnemis''' || tore'''nnemis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussa'''rȳs''' || tore'''rȳs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussa'''smis''' || tore'''smis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussa'''stis''' || tore'''stis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussa'''sos''' || tore'''sos'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussa'''meris''' || tore'''meris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''nteris''' || tore'''nteris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''sceris''' || tore'''sceris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussa'''teris''' || tore'''teris'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || nīs tussa'''nnem''' || nīs tore'''nnem'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || nīs tussa'''rȳ''' || nīs tore'''rȳ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''smi''' || nīs tore'''smi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''sti''' || nīs tore'''sti'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || nīs tussa'''so''' || nīs tore'''so'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || nīs tussa'''mer''' || nīs tore'''mer'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || nīs tussa'''nter''' || nīs tore'''nter'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || nīs tussa'''scer''' || nīs tore'''scer'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || nīs tussa'''ter''' || nīs tore'''ter'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Future=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussa'''tēnis''' || tore'''tēnis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussa'''tēris''' || tore'''tēris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussa'''tēmis''' || tore'''tēmis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussa'''tēsis''' || tore'''tēsis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussa'''tēs''' || tore'''tēs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussa'''tēmēs''' || tore'''tēmēs'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''tēntis''' || tore'''tēntis'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''tēsces''' || tore'''tēsces'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussa'''tētis''' || tore'''tētis'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || nīs tussa'''tēn''' || nīs tore'''tēn'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || nīs tussa'''tēr''' || nīs tore'''tēr'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || nīs tussa'''tēm''' || nīs tore'''tēm'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || nīs tussa'''tēsi''' || nīs tore'''tēsi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || nīs tussa'''tē''' || nīs tore'''tē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || nīs tussa'''tēmē''' || nīs tore'''tēmē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || nīs tussa'''tēnt''' || nīs tore'''tēnt'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || nīs tussa'''tēsce''' || nīs tore'''tēsce'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || nīs tussa'''tēt''' || nīs tore'''tēt'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Subjunctive=====
| |
| ''torenae(s), torerae(s), toremior(is), toresior(is), torior(is), toremae(s), torentae(s), torescae(s), toretior(is)''
| |
| *1sg: ''-nae(s)''
| |
| *2sg: ''-rae(s)''
| |
| *3sg.m: ''-mior(is)''
| |
| *3sg.f: ''-sior(is)''
| |
| *3sg.n: ''-ior(is)''
| |
| *1ex: ''-mae(s)''
| |
| *1in: ''-ntae(s)''
| |
| *2pl: ''-scae(s)''
| |
| *3pl: ''-tior(is)''
| |
|
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussa'''naes''' || tore'''naes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussa'''raes''' || tore'''raes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussa'''mioris''' || tore'''mioris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussa'''sioris''' || tore'''sioris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tuss'''oris''' || tor'''ioris'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussa'''maes''' || tore'''maes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''ntaes''' || tore'''ntaes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''scaes''' || tore'''scaes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussa'''tioris''' || tore'''tioris'''
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || δā tussa'''nae''' || δā tore'''nae'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || δā tussa'''rae''' || δā tore'''rae'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || δā tussa'''mior''' || δā tore'''mior'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || δā tussa'''sior''' || δā tore'''sior'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || δā tuss'''or''' || δā tor'''ior'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || δā tussa'''mae''' || δā tore'''tēmē'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || δā tussa'''ntae''' || δā tore'''tēnt'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || δā tussa'''scae''' || δā tore'''tēsce'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || δā tussa'''tior''' || δā tore'''tēt'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Optative=====
| |
| *1sg ''-dun(is)''?
| |
| *2sg ''-dur(is)''
| |
| *3sg.m ''-dum(is)''
| |
| *3sg.f ''-dusi(s)''
| |
| *3sg.n ''-du(s)''
| |
| *1ex ''-dumā(s)''
| |
| *1in ''-dunt(is)''
| |
| *2pl ''-dusce(s)''
| |
| *3pl ''-dut(is)''
| |
|
| |
| =====Imperative=====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I beg, pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tuss'''ās'''! || tor'''ēs'''!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussa'''ntēs!''' || tore'''ntēs'''!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussa'''scēs!''' || tore'''scēs'''!
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || δā tuss'''ā'''! || δā tor'''ē'''!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || δā tussa'''ntē!''' || δā tore'''ntē'''!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || δā tussa'''scē!''' || δā tore'''scē'''!
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Derivational morphology===
| |
| *''ar-, afor-'' = telic
| |
| *''fer-'' = nominalizer
| |
| *''ēs-'' = co-, together
| |
| *''-ro-'' = passive marker
| |
| *''-t-'' = a causative marker
| |
|
| |
| ===Numbers===
| |
| *1: ''cēmym''
| |
| *2: ''tiθōr''
| |
| *3: ''narge''
| |
| *4: ''δaobe''
| |
| *5: ''salithe''
| |
| *6: ''stāmym''
| |
| *7: ''rōde''
| |
| *8: ''lorede''
| |
| *9: ''barve''
| |
| *10: ''ħiōr''
| |
| *11: ''jācēmym''
| |
| *12: ''naesā''
| |
|
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Dependent clauses===
| |
| <!-- etc. etc. -->
| |
|
| |
| ===Example texts===
| |
| [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]]
| |