Modern Phrygian: Difference between revisions
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Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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| '''Τ τ''' || ταυ || [taf] | | '''Τ τ''' || ταυ || [taf] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Υ υ''' || | | '''Υ υ''' || ούψιλουν || [ˈupsilũ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Φ φ''' || φι || [fi] | | '''Φ φ''' || φι || [fi] |
Revision as of 17:00, 27 April 2022
Modern Phrygian (Native: βρουζ̌ικιά /vɾuʒiˈɟa/) is a modern variety of the Phrygian language.
Modern Phrygian | |
---|---|
τα βρουζ̌ικιά ξ̌ώσσα | |
Pronunciation | [ta vɾuʒiˈɟ̊a ˈkʃosa] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
|
Introduction
Etymology
Modern Phrygian βρουζ̌ικιά vružigʲá < Ancient Phrygian βρυγικά brugiká (cognate with Ancient Greek φρυγικά pʰrygiká).
Features
- PIE aspirated stops became plain voiced stops.
- PIE voiced stops were devoiced in some conditions and preserved as voiced in others.
- PIE voiceless stops were mostly preserved, but were aspirated in some conditions.
- Like Greek, voiced and aspirated stops were later fricatized.
- Initial w- preserved (as v-) except before o.
- New w also became v.
- nt > nn
- Early palatalization of velars before front vowels to alveolar fricatives.
- All labiovelars became plain velars.
- Second palatalization of velars before front vowels to postalveolars.
- Third palatalization of velars adjacent to front vowels to palatals.
- In stop clusters (and some other consonant clusters), the second consonant becomes a fricative.
- Assimilation of s to following consonant in consonant clusters (except word-initially?).
- Intervicalic partial voicing of non-geminated voiceless stops.
- Voicing of voiceless stops after nasals
- Loss of phonemic gemination, but traces preserved.
- Lack of intervocalic voicing of original geminated stops.
- Final -n > nasalization, but -nn > -n
Phonology
Orthography
Greek orthography
Alphabet
|
|
|
The letters with carons ⟨σ̌, ζ̌, ξ̌, ψ̌⟩ can alternatively be written as multigraphs.
With caron | As multigraph | ||
---|---|---|---|
before front vowel | before back vowel | word-finally or before consonant | |
σ̌ | σχ | σχι | σχ |
ζ̌ | ζγ | ζγι | ζγ |
ξ̌ | ξχ | ξχι | ξχ |
ψ̌ | ψχ | ψχι | ψχ |
Consonants
Letter | Context | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
β | everywhere | [v] | βεχ [vex] "six" | |
γ | before front vowels ([e] or [i]). | [ʝ] | ||
before velar consonants ([ɡ] or [x]) or nasal consonants ([m] or [n]) | [ŋ] | This occurs when the following consonant is ⟨ξ⟩, ⟨ξ̌⟩, non-palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩, ⟨μ⟩, or ⟨ν⟩. | ||
before palatal consonants ([ɟ] or [ç]) | [ɲ] | This occurs when the following consonant is palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩. | ||
everywhere else | [ɣ] | |||
γγ | before front vowel | [ɲ] | ||
elsewhere | [ŋ] | |||
γι | before vowels | [ʝ] | ||
γγι | before vowels | [ɲ] | ||
δ | everywhere | [ð] | ||
ζ | everywhere | [z] | ||
ζ̌ | everywhere | [ʒ] | ||
θ | everywhere | [θ] | ||
ι | preceded by ⟨μ⟩ and followed by a vowel | [ɲ] | ⟨ι⟩ remains a vowel in these positions if it has a diaresis and/or an accent (i.e. ⟨ϊ, ί, ΐ⟩). | |
preceded by an unvoiced consonant other than ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩ and followed by a vowel | [ç] | |||
preceded by a voiced consonant other than ⟨γ⟩, ⟨λ⟩, ⟨μ⟩, or ⟨ν⟩ and followed by a vowel | [ʝ] | |||
κ | after vowel or liquid and before front vowel ([e] or [i]). | [ɟ̊] | ||
after vowel or liquid otherwise | [ɡ̊] | |||
after nasal before front vowel | [ɟ] | |||
after nasal otherwise | [ɡ] | |||
before voiced obstruent | [ɡ] | |||
otherwise before front vowel | [c] | |||
everywhere else | [k] | |||
κκ | before front vowel | [c] | ||
otherwise | [k] | |||
κι | after vowel or liquid and before a vowel | [ɟ̊] | ||
after nasal before a vowel | [ɟ] | |||
otherwise before a vowel | [c] | |||
κκι | before a vowel | [c] | ||
λ(λ) | everywhere | [l] | ||
λ(λ)ι | before a vowel | [ʎ] | ||
μ(μ) | everywhere | [m] | ||
ν | non-final | [n] | ||
final | [-̃, ɰ̃] | Nasalizes the preceding vowel. | ||
νν | everywhere | [n] | ||
ν(ν)ι | before a vowel | [ɲ] | ||
ξ | everywhere | [ks] | ||
ξ̌ | everywhere | [kʃ] | ||
ου | before a vowel | [w] | ⟨ου⟩ remains a vowel in this circumstance if it has an accent (i.e. ⟨ού⟩). | |
π | after vowel or liquid | [b̥] | ||
after nasal | [b] | |||
before voiced obstruent | [b] | |||
otherwise | [p] | |||
ππ | everywhere | [p] | ||
ρ(ρ) | everywhere | [r ~ ɾ] | In free variation. | |
σ(σ) | everywhere | [s] | ||
τ | after vowel or ⟨ρ | [d̥] | ||
after nasal or ⟨λ⟩ | [d] | |||
before voiced obstruent | [d] | |||
otherwise | [t] | |||
ττ | everywhere | [t] | ||
τσ | everywhere | [ts] | ||
τσ̌ | everywhere | [tʃ] | ||
τζ | after nasals | [dz] | ||
elsewhere | [d̥z̥] | |||
τζ̌ | after nasals | [dʒ] | ||
elsewhere | [d̥ʒ̊] | |||
υ | after ⟨α⟩, ⟨ε⟩, or ⟨η⟩ and before a nasal consonant | [m] | ||
after ⟨α⟩, ⟨ε⟩, or ⟨η⟩ and word-final or before a voiceless consonant | [f] | |||
after ⟨α⟩, ⟨ε⟩, or ⟨η⟩ otherwise | [v] | |||
φ | everywhere | [f] | ||
χ | before front vowel | [ç] | ||
otherwise | [x] | |||
χι | before vowel | [ç] | ||
ψ | everywhere | [ps] | ||
ψ̌ | everywhere | [pʃ] |
Notes:
- Voiced and partially voiced stops/affricates are allophones of the same phoneme in the standard language, with the fully voiced forms occurring after nasals (and [l], in the case of [d]) and the partially voiced forms occurring otherwise. However, they have been distinguished here because some dialects keep them as separate phonemes.
Vowels
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
α | [a] | Actually closer to [ä]. | |
ε | [e] | Actually closer to [e̞]. | |
αι | |||
ι | [i] | ||
η | |||
υ | |||
ει | |||
οι | |||
υι | |||
ο | [o] | Actually closer to [o̞]. | |
ω | |||
ου | [u] |
Diphthongs and hiatus
Diphthongs are formed by following a non-high vowel with a high vowel.
The following diphthongs are possible:
offglide→ nucleus↓ |
ι /i/ | η /i/ | υ /i/ | ου /u/ |
---|---|---|---|---|
α /a/ | αϊ (άι) | αη | αϋ (άυ) | αου |
ε /e/ | εϊ (έι) | εη | εϋ (έυ) | εου |
ο /o/ | οϊ (όι) | οη | οϋ (όυ) | – |
ω /o/ | ωι | ωη | ωυ | ωου |
When two adjacent vowels that normally form a digraph are in hiatus or form a diphthong, this is indicated with a diaresis on the second vowel, which is invariably ⟨ι⟩ or ⟨υ⟩.
A diaresis is not used if the first vowel has an accent, since that precludes the possibility of it being a digraph.
Stress
Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.
When a syllable with a false diphthong (i.e. αι, ει, οι, υι, αυ, ευ, ηυ) is stressed, the accent is always written on the second vowel letter.
When a syllable with a true diphthong is stressed, the accent is written on the nucleus of the diphthong (i.e. the first vowel letter).
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Phonological history
Morphology
Numerals
Cardinal | Ordinal | Adverbial | Collective | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | ματένας (ματείς), ματέμια, ματένα | ματενάνος, -α, -ο | — | — |
1 | ένας (εις), μια, ένα | πρώτος, -α, -ο | άπαχ | μονάς, -άτος |
2 | τβω | τβέτερος, -α, -ο | τβις | τβάς, -άτους |
3 | τρες, τρια | τρίτος, -α, -ο | τρις | τριας, -άτους |
4 | τσ̌έττερες, τσ̌έττερα | τσ̌ετέρτος, -α, -ο | τσ̌ετράτζ̌ις | τσ̌ετράς |
5 | πίντζε | πίντος, -α, -ο | πίντάτζ̌ις | πιντάς, -άτους |
6 | βεχ | βέκθος, -α, -ο | ||
7 | επθάν | έπθαμος | ||
8 | οκθών | όκθουος | ||
9 | ενιάν | ένιανος | ||
10 | τέκαν | τέκανος | ||
11 | ένεκαν | ενέκανος | ||
12 | τβώτεκαν | τβωτέκανος | ||
13 | τρίτεκαν | |||
14 | τσ̌ετέρτεκαν | |||
15 | πίντεκαν | πιντέκανος | ||
16 | βέκθεκαν | |||
17 | επθάντεκαν | |||
18 | οκθώντεκαν | |||
19 | ενιάντεκαν | |||
20 | βίκιανι | βικιοττός | ||
21 | ένας τσ̌ε βίκιανι | |||
30 | τριάνα | τριαττός | ||
40 | τσ̌ετράνα | |||
50 | πιγκιάνα | |||
60 | βεξάνα | |||
70 | εμμάνα | |||
80 | οκθώνα | |||
90 | ενευνάνα | |||
100 | εκανόυν | |||
200 | τβακιάνιοι | |||
300 | τριακιάνιοι | |||
400 | τσ̌ετρακιάνιοι | |||
500 | πιγκιακιάνιοι | |||
600 | βεξακιάνιοι | |||
700 | εμμακιάνιοι | |||
800 | οκθωκιάνιοι | |||
900 | ενευνακιάνιοι | |||
1000 | ζέλλια | |||
2000 | τβω ζέλλιαι |