Calusto: Difference between revisions
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Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension. | Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension. | ||
The '''-os''' declension includes names and | The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son"). | ||
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The '''-a''' declension includes names and | The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face"). | ||
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! ''Ablative'' | ! ''Ablative'' | ||
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' <br> čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' <br> čer'''ais''' | | 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' <br> čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' <br> čer'''ais''' | ||
|} | |||
The '''-on''' declension contains exclusively neutral names and is similar to the neuter Indo-European o-stem declension or the Latin ''-um'' one. Nouns ending ''-ōn'' do not belong to this declension. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍 ("winter"). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! ''Nominative'' | |||
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌍''' <br> heim'''on''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌀''' <br> heim'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! ''Accusative'' | |||
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌍''' <br> heim'''on''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌀''' <br> heim'''a''' | |||
|- | |||
! ''Genitive'' | |||
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌉''' <br> heim'''i''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌌''' <br> heim'''om''' | |||
|- | |||
! ''Dative'' | |||
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏''' <br> heim'''o''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌍''' <br> heim'''is'''' | |||
|- | |||
! ''Ablative'' | |||
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌃''' <br> heim'''od''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' <br> heim'''ois''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 18:29, 28 April 2022
| Calusto | |
|---|---|
| Kaloust | |
| 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕 | |
| Pronunciation | [ka'lu:sto] |
| Created by | Fox Saint-Just |
| Date | 2017 |
| Language codes | |
| CLCR | --- |
Calusto is an a posteriori language created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.
Introduction
Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.
Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".
Phonology
Vowels
Calusto has long and short vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː y yː1 | u uː | |
| Close-mid | e e: ø | o o: | |
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | ə2 | ɔ ɔː |
| Open | a aː |
1/y:/ is very rare.
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.
Consonants
| → PoA ↓ Manner |
Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | 𐌌 m | 𐌍 n | 𐌍𐌝 ɲ1 | |||||
| Plosives | Voiceless | 𐌐 p | 𐌕 t | 𐌊 k 𐌒 kʷ |
||||
| Voiced | 𐌁 b | 𐌃 d | 𐌂 ɡ | |||||
| Affricates | 𐌕𐌆 ts 𐌆 dz |
𐌙 t̠ʃ 𐌃𐌚 d̠ʒ1 |
||||||
| Fricatives | Voiceless | 𐌘 ɸ | 𐌔 s | 𐌑 ʃ 𐌚 ʒ |
𐌗 x | 𐌇 h | ||
| Voiced | 𐌅 v 𐌈 θ |
𐌔 z | 𐌂𐌇 ɣ1 | |||||
| Liquids | 𐌓 r 𐌋 l |
𐌋𐌝 ʎ1 | ||||||
| Approximants | 𐌝 j | |||||||
1 Used only in loanwords.
Stress
Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.
Orthography
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
Declensions
Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.
The -os declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 synos |
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉 syni |
| Accusative | 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌍 synon |
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌖𐌔 synous |
| Genitive | 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉 syni |
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌌 synom |
| Dative | 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏 syno |
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌔 synis |
| Ablative | 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌃 synod |
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌉𐌔 synois |
The -a declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 čera |
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌄 čerae |
| Accusative | 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌍 čeran |
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 čeras |
| Genitive | 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 čeras |
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌌 čeram |
| Dative | 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌄 čere |
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌔 čeris |
| Ablative | 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌃 čerad |
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌔 čerais |
The -on declension contains exclusively neutral names and is similar to the neuter Indo-European o-stem declension or the Latin -um one. Nouns ending -ōn do not belong to this declension. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍 ("winter").
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍 heimon |
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌀 heima |
| Accusative | 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍 heimon |
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌀 heima |
| Genitive | 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌉 heimi |
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌌 heimom |
| Dative | 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏 heimo |
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍 heimis' |
| Ablative | 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌃 heimod |
𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌉𐌔 heimois |