Essanian: Difference between revisions
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*Palatalization of -LI-, -C'L-, -T'L-, -G'L- to /ʎ/. | *Palatalization of -LI-, -C'L-, -T'L-, -G'L- to /ʎ/. | ||
**Differs from Spanish and some varieties of Astur-Leonese. | **Differs from Spanish and some varieties of Astur-Leonese. | ||
**E.g. ŎCULU(M) > ''welh'' /weʎ/ "eye" (Portuguese ''olho'', Galician ''ollo'', Aragonese ''güello'', Catalan ''ull'', Mirandese ''uolho'' vs Spanish ''ojo'', Asturian ''güeyu'', Leonese ''güechu'') | |||
*Palatalization of -LL- to /ʎ/. | *Palatalization of -LL- to /ʎ/. | ||
**Differs from Galician/Portuguese. | **Differs from Galician/Portuguese. |
Revision as of 10:20, 28 June 2022
Essanian (/ɪˈseɪniən/, native: xanhán /ʃaˈɲan/) is an Iberian Romance language descended from Mozarabic.
Essanian | |
---|---|
La lengua xanhana لَلَِانْغُوَه شَنَّانَه | |
Pronunciation | [la ˈleŋgwa ʃaˈɲana] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Early forms | Mozarabic
|
Introduction
Etymology
The endonym xanhán is derived from the place name Xanha, from Latin Hispānia.
The English name Essanian is derived from Medieval Latin Essanianus, a Latinization of Middle Essanian exanyán.
Features
Phonological
- Initial I-, DI- (before vowels), G- (before front vowels) become /dʒ ~ ʒ/.
- Shared with Catalan and Portuguese.
- E.g. IUVENE(M) > joven /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan jove, Portuguese jovem vs. Spanish joven, Asturian xoven, Galician xove, Aragonese choven)
- Intervocalic -I-, -DI- become /j/.
- Differs from Catalan and (sometimes) Galician/Portuguese.
- E.g. MAIORE(M) > mayor /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian mayor, Galician/Portuguese maior vs Catalan major).
- HODIE > wey /wej/ "today" (Spanish hoy, Asturian, Aragonese güe, Catalan vui vs Portuguese hoje, Galician hoxe).
- Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/.
- Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod).
- E.g. PŎNTE(M) > puent /pwen/ (Spanish, Asturian puente vs Catalan pont, Galician/Portuguese ponte)
- ŎCTO > weito /ˈwejto/ "eight" (Aragonese ueit(o), obsolete Asturian uecho, Catalan vuit vs Spanish ocho, Galician/Portuguese oito)
- FĔRRU(M) > fierru /ˈfjeru/ "iron" (Spanish, Aragonese hierro, Asturian fierru vs Galician/Portuguese, Catalan ferro)
- Preservation of initial F-.
- Differs from Spanish and some varieties of Astur-Leonese.
- E.g. FĔRRU(M) > fierru /ˈfjeru/ "iron" (Galician/Portuguese, Catalan ferro vs Spanish hierro)
- Preservation of initial L-.
- Differs from Astur-Leonese and Catalan.
- E.g. LUNA(M) > luna /ˈluna/ (Spanish, Aragonese luna, Portuguese lua vs Catalan, Asturian lluna)
- Preservation of initial N-.
- Differs from some varieties of Astur-Leonese.
- E.g. *NARICE(M) > narich /naˈɾitʃ/ "nose" (Spanish, Galician/Portuguese, Aragonese nariz, Catalan nariu vs Asturian ñariz)
- Preservation of intervocalic -L- and -N-.
- Differs from Galician/Portuguese.
- E.g. LUNA(M) > luna /ˈluna/ "moon" (Spanish, Aragonese luna, Catalan, Asturian lluna vs Portuguese lua, Galician lúa)
- COLŌRE(M) > color /koˈloɾ/ "colour" (Spanish, Aragonese, Catalan color vs Galician/Portuguese cor)
- Monophthongization of falling diphthongs.
- Shared with Spanish, Catalan, and some varieties of Astur-Leonese.
- E.g. AURU(M) > or /oɾ/ "gold" (Spanish, Aragonese oro, Asturian oru, Cataln or vs Galician/Portuguese, Mirandese ouro)
- E(G)O > yo /jo/ "I" (Spanish, Aragonese, Asturian yo, Catalan jo vs Galician/Portuguese eu, Mirandese/Leonese you)
- -LT- (after U) and -CT- become /jt/ after stressed vowels and /tʃ/ after unstressed vowels.
- The outcome after unstressed vowels is shared with Spanish and some varieties of Astur-Leonese, while the outcome after stressed vowels is shared with the remaining Iberian Romance languages (except Catalan in the case of -LT-).
- E.g. MULTU(M) > muit /mujt/ "much, many" (Galician moito, Portuguese muito vs Spanish mucho, Asturian munchu, Catalan molt)
- LACTŪCA > lechuca /leˈtʃuka/ "lettuce" (Spanish lechuga, Asturian llechuga vs Galician/Portuguese leituga, Catalan lletuga)
- Palatalization of -LI-, -C'L-, -T'L-, -G'L- to /ʎ/.
- Differs from Spanish and some varieties of Astur-Leonese.
- E.g. ŎCULU(M) > welh /weʎ/ "eye" (Portuguese olho, Galician ollo, Aragonese güello, Catalan ull, Mirandese uolho vs Spanish ojo, Asturian güeyu, Leonese güechu)
- Palatalization of -LL- to /ʎ/.
- Differs from Galician/Portuguese.
- Palatalization of -NN- to /ɲ/.
- Differs from Galician/Portuguese.
- -M'N- becomes /m/.
- Differs from Spanish.
- Palatalization of -X-, -PS-, -SC- (the latter before front vowels) to /ʃ/.
- Differs from Spanish.
- Preservation of initial CL-, FL-, PL-.
- Shared with Catalan.
- Preservation of intervocalic -T-, -P-, -C-.
- Shared with some Aragonese dialects.
- Insertion of (or, in some cases, preservation of) /j/ before or after a front vowel to avoid hiatus.
- Shared with Aragonese and some varieties of Astur-Leonese.
- Dropping of final -U(M) in many environments.
- Shared with Catalan.
- Preservation of non-dropped final -U(M) as /u/.
- Shared with Astur-Leonese and Portuguese (though it is likely a secondary development in the latter).
- Dropping of final -E(M) in many environments.
- Shared with Aragonese, Catalan, and (to some extent) Spanish.
- Preservation of voiced fricatives/affricates.
- Shared with Catalan, Portuguese, and Mirandese.
- Preservation of the distinction between /b/ and /v/.
- Shared with some varieties of Catalan and most varieties of Portuguese.
- The following features are unique to Essanian among the Iberian Romance languages:
- -ST- becomes /θ/.
- -SC- (non-palatalized) and -SP- become /ʃ/.
- Palatalization of C (before front vowels) and -TI- (before vowels) to /tʃ/.
- Insertion of /w/ before or after a front vowel to avoid hiatus.
- Preservation of W- in loanwords.
Morphological
- Pronouns and adjectives form a neuter in -o
- Shared with Asturian.
- Words ending in -a form their plural in -es.
- Shared with Asturian and Catalan.
- Words ending in -u form their plural in -os.
- Shared with Asturian.
- Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in -os.
- Shared with Catalan (in certain situations).
- Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/.
- Shared with Aragonese.
- -B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes.
- Shared with Aragonese, which preserves it as /β/.
Phonology
Orthography
Latin orthography
Alphabet
|
|
|
Consonants
Letter | Context | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [b] | buen "good"; ambos "both" | |
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | [β̞] | sobre "over" | ||
utterance-final | [p] or [ɸ̞] | ob "where" | ||
c | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | ceto "early; in the morning" | |
elsewhere | [k] | canta "song" | ||
before voiced consonants | [ɣ̞] | anécdota "anecdote" | ||
in the cluster ⟨ct⟩ | [ɣ̞] or [x̞] | actual "current" | ||
ch | everywhere | [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect) | xuchar "to listen" | |
ç | everywhere | [θ], [s], or [tʃ] (depending on the dialect) | cueça "slope" | |
d | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [d̪] | dar "to give"; caldu "hot" | |
after ⟨n⟩ word-finally | Ø | mond "world" | ||
elsewhere | [ð̞] | modos "ways, modes" | ||
utterance-final | [t̪] or [θ̞] | mod "way, mode" | ||
f | everywhere | [f] | formica "ant" | |
g | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [dʒ] | germán "brother" | |
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ʒ] | viage "journey" | ||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | gat "cat" | ||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕] | suegru "father-in-law" | ||
utterance-final | [k] or [x̞] | zigzag "zigzag" | In loanwords. | |
gh | everywhere | [ʕ] | ghada "tradition, custom" | In Arabic loanwords |
gu | before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | lengua "tongue, language" | |
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞w] | Paraguay "Paraguay" | In loanwords. | |
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | guitarra "guitar" | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞] | magues "witches, female Zoroastrians" | ||
gü | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | lengües "tongues, languages" | |
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞w] | següey "Segway" | In loanwords. | |
h | everywhere | [h] or [ħ] or [x] | horru "free" | Generally occurs in loanwords. |
everywhere (rare) | Ø | honestu "honest" | Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation. | |
j | either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [dʒ] | ja "already" | |
elsewhere | [ʒ] | viajar "to travel" | ||
utterance-final | [tʃ] or [ʃ] | alhaj "Hajj" | In loanwords. | |
k | rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | [k] | kilogramu "kilogram" | Can generally be replaced with c or qu. |
l | everywhere | [l] | lengua "tongue, language" | |
lh | everywhere | [ʎ] | vielh "old" | |
m | everywhere except word-finally | [m] | mesa "table" | |
word-final | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | Adam "Adam" | ||
n | everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | [n] | manes "hands" | |
before other consonants | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | lengua "tongue, language" | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | |
word-finally | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | man "hand" | ||
nh | everywhere | [ɲ] | suenh "sleep, dream" | |
p | everywhere | [p] | padre "father" | |
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | [β̞] or [ɸ̞] | aptu "apt" | ||
q | everywhere | [k] | Qátar "Qatar" | In loanwords. |
qu | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [k] | que "what" | |
elsewhere | [kw] | quatro "four" | ||
qü | only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [kw] | aqües "waters" | |
r | word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) |
[r] | rat "rat" | |
elsewhere | [ɾ] | plorar "to cry" | ||
rr | only occurs between vowels | [r] | carru "car" | |
s | word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final | [s] | salá "prayer" | |
everywhere else | [z] | mesa "table" | ||
ss | only occurs between vowels | [s] | passar "to pass" | |
t | everywhere | [t̪] | tu "you" | |
before voiced consonants | [ð̞] | atmósfera "atmosphere" | ||
after ⟨n⟩ word-finally | Ø | vient "wind" | ||
v | everywhere | [v] | vient "wind" | |
w | everywhere | [w] | welh "eye" | |
x | everywhere | [ʃ] | xuchar "to listen" | |
between vowels and word-finally | [ks] | toxina "toxin" | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | |
before a consonant | [ks] or [s] | textu "text" | In loanwords; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly). | |
in the prefix ex- | [z]; [s] before a plosive | examen "exam" | ||
y | everywhere except when acting as a vowel | [j] | yerva "grass" | |
z | utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant | [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect) | arroz "rice" | |
everywhere else | [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect) | zagal "boy" |
Vowels
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
a | [ä] | gat "cat" | |
e | [e̞] | mesa "table" | |
i | [i] | felich "happy" | |
y | y "and" | Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction y and the homonymous adverbial pronoun. | |
o | [o̞] | ora "hour, time" | |
u | [u] | amicu "friend" |
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|
In rising diphthongs | ||||
i | ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | [j] | bien "well"; viage "journey" | |
u | ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | cueça "slope"; quatro "four" | |
ü | ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | lengües "tongues, languages" | |
In falling diphthongs | ||||
i | ⟨i⟩ after a vowel | [j] | feit "made" | |
y | ⟨y⟩ after a vowel | [j] | rey "king" | Almost always word-final. ⟨-iy⟩ is pronounced [i]. |
u | ⟨u⟩ after a vowel | [w] | autobús "bus" | |
w | ⟨w⟩ after a vowel | [w] | tow "your (dialectal)" | Almost always word-final. ⟨-uw⟩ is pronounced [w]. |
Notes:
- ⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩. ⟨iw⟩ and ⟨uy⟩ always represent falling diphthongs.
- When a vowel (almost always ⟨e⟩) is both preceded and followed by a glide, a triphthong is formed - e.g. nueit, nueu, buey.
Stress
Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:
- If there is any vowel with an acute accent, that vowel is stressed.
- If there is no vowel with an acute accent:
- The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
- The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
- Note that:
- Diphthongs are always treated as one syllable.
- iV and uV (where V represents any vowel other than i or u) are treated as diphthongs, and therefore count as one syllable.
- The exception to this is if the i or u has an accent. However, this is rare since words that would have íV and úV are usually written as iyV and uwV.
- Final -y and -w are treated as consonants, and they shift the stress to the final syllable.
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Primary stress may occur in any of the last three syllables of a word.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Phonological history
Morphology
Articles
Definite Article
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | el, l' (before vowels), 'l (after vowels) | los |
Feminine | la, l' (before a) | les |
Neuter | lo, l' (before vowels) | – |
Notes:
- The definite article precedes the noun it modifies.
- The neuter definite article is generally used with nominalized neuter adjectives or relative clauses that have an abstract/inanimate referent - e.g. lo bueno "the good/that which is good"; lo que pienso "what I think/that which I think".
Indefinite Article
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Masculine | un | unos |
Feminine | una | unes |
Neuter | uno | – |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person, Number, Formality, Gender | Independent | Clitic | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | Object | Reflexive Object | Possessive | Direct object | Indirect object | Reflexive | Possessive | ||||
1st | Singular | yo | mi | miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo | me, m'1 | mo(n)2/mos, ma(n)2/mes, mo(n)2 | |||||
Plural | Masculine | nós; nosotros | nuessu/nuessos, nuessa/nuesses, nuesso | nos | – | ||||||
Feminine | nós; nosotres | ||||||||||
2nd | Singular | Informal | tu | ti | tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo | te, t'1 | to(n)2/tos, ta(n)2/tes, to(n)2 | ||||
Formal | Masculine | vucé | sí | suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo | lu, l'1, -l3 | lhi | se, s'1 | so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2 | |||
Feminine | la, l'4 | ||||||||||
Plural | Informal | Masculine | vós; vosotros | vuessu/vuessos, vuessa/vuesses, vueso | vos | – | |||||
Feminine | vós; vosotres | ||||||||||
Formal | Masculine | vucés | sí | lor/loros, lora/lores, loro | los | lhis | se, s'1, -sen5 | – | |||
Feminine | les | ||||||||||
3rd | Singular | Masculine | elh | suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo | lu, l'1, -l3 | lhi, lh'1 | se, s'1 | so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2 | |||
Feminine | elha | la, l'4 | |||||||||
Neuter | elho | lo, l'1 | |||||||||
Plural | Masculine | elhos | lor/loros, lora/lores, loro | los | lhis | se, s'1, -sen5 | – | ||||
Feminine | elhes | les | |||||||||
Impersonal | wemo | suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo | lo, l'1 | lhi, lh'1 | se, s'1 | so(n)2/sos, sa(n)2/ses, so(n)2 |
Notes:
1 Preverbal before vowel.
2 -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel. Also note that in more archaic forms of Essanian, a glide may be added after the initial consonant of the clitic possessives in both the singular and plural. This glide is -i- in the first person and -u- in the second and third persons.
3 Post-verbal after vowel.
4 Preverbal before a.
5 Post-verbal after non-finite form (infinitive, participles, etc.).
Note that post-verbal clitic pronouns are always separated from the verb with a hyphen.
The neuter gender is used to refer to abstract ideas, infinitives, que clauses, inanimate interrogatives and indefinites, and similar.
When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP (see below).
Adverbial object pronouns
The following adverbial clitic object pronouns are used:
- y, b' (pre-verbal before vowels), -y (post-verbal) = equivalent to French y
- en, n' (pre-verbal before vowels), -ne (post-verbal) = equivalent to French en
Note that when post-verbal, the clitic pronouns are separated from the verb with a hyphen.
When both adverbial object pronouns are used at once, they combine as en b' preverbally before vowels and n'y otherwise.
Nouns
Gender
Nouns may be masculine or feminine. Unlike adjectives and pronouns, nouns cannot have neuter gender.
Number
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also be used in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic.
Regular plurals
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows:
Ending | Gender | Plural | Dual | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Consonant | most M | -os | -én | An exception are nouns ending in -nt that do not refer to people. Such nouns are masculine in gender but take -es in the plural. |
F; some M | -es | -én | In addition to feminine nouns, masculine inanimate nouns ending in -nt take -es in the plural. | |
-a | M/F | -es | -atén | Most words ending in -a are feminine. |
-u; -o | M/F | -os | -én | Most words ending in -u are masculine. Nouns ending in unstressed -o are rare. |
-e; -i | M/F | -es | -én | Nouns ending in unstressed -i are rare. |
Stressed vowel | M/F | -s | -tén | These endings are added after the final vowel, which is left unchanged. |
Irregular plurals
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in -ín (masculine) or -(w)at (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.
For example:
- mumin "believer (m.)" → muminín "believers"
- múmina "believer (f.)" → muminat "believers (f.)"
- salá "prayer" → salawat "prayers"
- sultán "sultan" → salatín "sultans"
Adjectives
Endings
Adjectives take the following endings:
Type | Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | |
1 | -u or consonant | -a | -o | -os | -es |
2 | -e | -e | -e | -es | -es |
3 | Stressed vowel | Same as masc. | Same as masc. | -s | -s |
The neuter gender in adjectives is used for agreement with infinitives, neuter pronouns, impersonal pronouns, or que phrases. It can also be used as an adverb.
Comparatives and Superlatives
The comparative of adjectives ("more ___") is formed by placing plus "more" or menos "less" before the adjective for the positive and negative comparatives respectively.
The following adjectives have irregular positive comparatives:
- buen "good" → melhor "better"
- mal "bad" → peyor "worse"
- muit "much, many" → plus "more"
- pocu "little, few" → menos "less, fewer"
- joven "young", cicu "small" → menor "younger, smaller"
- vielh "old", grand "large" → mayor "older, larger"
The last four (joven, cicu, vielh, grand) can alternatively use regular comparatives.
The superlative ("most _____") is formed by placing the definite article before the corresponding comparative.
Absolute Superlative
In addition to the regular superlative, there is an absolute superlative formed with the suffix -íssimu (declined as a regular adjective). It means "very ______" or "extremely _______".
There are some irregular absolute superlatives. In all cases, the regular forms may also be used.
- buen "good" -> óptimu "very good, optimal"
- mal "bad" -> péssimu "very bad"
- grand "large" -> máximu "very large"
- cicu "small" -> mínimu "very small"
- altu "high" -> supremu "very high"
- baxu "low" -> ínfimu "very low"
Adverbs
Derivation from adjectives
Adverbs are commonly derived from adjectives by one of the following methods:
- The neuter form of the adjective - e.g. puro "purely"
- The feminine form of the adjective suffixed with -ment - purament "purely"
When adverbs formed with the suffix -ment are appended to each other, -ment is dropped from all but the last adverb.
Irregular adverbs
The following adverbs are not regularly derived from their corresponding adjectives:
- buen "good" → bien "well"
- mal "bad" → mal "badly"
Comparative
The comparative of adverbs is formed in the same way as adjectives: by placing plus "more" or menos "less" before the adverb.
The following adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
- bien "well" → melhor "better"
- mal "badly" → peyor "worse"
- muito "a lot" → plus "more"
- poco "a little" → menos "less"
Numerals
Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | zero | zerén | — |
1 | un, una, uno | primer | — |
2 | dos | second | meyu |
3 | tres | tercer | tierchu |
4 | quatro | quartu | quartu |
5 | cinco | quint | quint |
6 | seis | sieç | sieç |
7 | siet | setén | setavu |
8 | weito | oitén | oitavu |
9 | nueve, nueu | novén | novavu |
10 | diech | decén | dechavu |
11 | onge | ongén | onjavu |
12 | doge | dogén | dojavu |
13 | trege | tregén | trejavu |
14 | quatorge | quatorgén | quatorjavu |
15 | quinge | quingén | quinjavu |
16 | sege | segén | sejavu |
17 | deci-siet | deci-setén | deci-setavu |
18 | deci-weito | deci-oitén | deci-oitavu |
19 | deci-nueve, deci-nueu | deci-novén | deci-novavu |
20 | vint | vintén | vintavu |
21 | vinti-ún | vinti-unén | vinti-unavu |
30 | trenta | trentén | trentavu |
40 | quaranta | quarantén | quarantavu |
50 | cinquanta | cinquantén | cinquantavu |
60 | sexanta | sexantén | sexantavu |
70 | setanta | setantén | setantavu |
80 | oitanta | oitantén | oitantavu |
90 | novanta | novantén | novantavu |
100 | cient | centén | centavu |
1000 | mil | milén | milavu |
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
La Declarachón Universala de los Dreitos Umanos (Artícul 1)
Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá y dreitos. Son dotatos de rachón y conxencha, y deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá.
توتس لس سارس أمانس نشن حرس ءاد ءاكوالس ءان دنتاه إي دريتس. سون دتاتس دا رچون إي كنشنچه، إي داڤن كمپرتارسن لس أونس كلس أترس ءان روح دا جرمانتاه
/ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ son doˈtatos de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | i ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/