Thezhmic: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 991: Line 991:
|}
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
====Demonstrative pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ The neutral demonstrative ''tos'' "this, that"
! rowspan="2"| Case !! colspan="3"|Singular !! colspan="2"|Dual !! colspan="3"|Plural
|-
! m. !! n. !! f. !! m./n. !! f. !! m.!! n. !! f.
|-
! Nominative
| tós || rowspan="3"| tód ||tā́|| rowspan="3"| tṓ || rowspan="3"|tā́i || rowspan="2"| tṓs || rowspan="3"| tā́ || rowspan="2"| tā́s
|-
! Vocative
| té || tá
|-
! Accusative
| tóm || tā́m || tóns || tā́ns
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="2"| tózmē || tóśśā || rowspan="3"| tóivom ||rowspan="3"|tóśśāvom || colspan="2"| tóivis || tóśśāvis
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2"| tózmei || tóśśāi || colspan="2" rowspan="2"| tóivos || rowspan="2"| tóśśāvos
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2"|tózmed || rowspan="2"| tóśśās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2"| tóśśo || rowspan="2"| tóizous ||rowspan="2"| tóśśāus || colspan="2"| tóizōm || tóśśāzōm
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2"| tózmi || tóśśāi || colspan="2"| tóizu || tóśśāzu
|-
|}


==Verbs==
==Verbs==

Revision as of 05:17, 11 August 2022

Thezhmic (/ˈθɛʒmɪk/, Native: Ŧəźmikós /θəʒmiˈkos/, Liźḗnom /liˈʒeːnom/) is an Indo-European language.

Thezhmic
Ŧəźmikós
Pronunciation[θəʒmiˈkós]
Created byShariifka
Indo-European
  • Thezhmic
Early form
Proto-Thezhmic

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Thezhmic is written with the Thezhmic alphabet.

In this article, the following romanization is used:

Thezhmic romanization
Letter IPA Remarks
A a a
Ā ā
B b b
C c
D d d
Đ đ ð
E e e
Ē ē
Ə ə ə
Ə̃ ə̃ ə̃
F f f
G g ɡ
Ġ ġ ʁ
H h h
Ħ ħ ħ
I i i
Ī ī
J j
K k k
L l l
M m m
N n n
O o o
Ō ō
P p p
Q q q
R r r
S s s
Ś ś ʃ
T t t
Ŧ ŧ θ
U u u
Ū ū
Ũ ũ ũ
V v v
W w w
X x χ
Y y j
Z z z
Ź ź ʒ
Ɂ ɂ (ʔ) ʔ Not written word-initially.
Ҁ ҁ (ʕ) ʕ

Consonants

Thezhmic consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m n (ɲ) (ŋ) (ɴ)
Stop voiceless p t k q ʔ
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate voiceless
voiced
Fricative voiceless f θ s ʃ χ ħ h
voiced v ð z ʒ ʁ ʕ
Approximant j w
Lateral l (ʎ)
Trill r

Vowels

Thezhmic monopthong vowels
Front Central Back
Close i, iː, (ĩː) u, uː, ũ, (ũː)
Mid e, eː, (ẽː) ə, ə̃ o, oː, (õː)
Open a, aː, (ãː)

Any non-nasal vowel can form a falling dipthong with -i and -u (unless it results in a sequence of two identical vowels).

Long nasal vowels are an allophonic pronunciation of long vowels followed by -n- before coronal fricatives.

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Syllabicization

Liquids (r, l), nasals (n, m), and glides (y, w) have syllabic counterparts that replace them when required by phonotactics.

Syllabic counterparts
Consonant Syllabic counterpart
r ər
l əl
n ə̃
m ũ
y i
w u

If none of these consonants are present, a schwa (-ə-) is inserted.

Alternatively, the offending consonant cluster may be simplified through phonetic changes, but this is non-productive and has been reversed in most cases.

Hiatus resolution

When hiatus would occur, it is resolved by inserting an epenthetic consonant. This consonant depends on the vowels.

Nominals

Nouns

Nouns may have two stems, and these stems may or may not differ in accent. For these nouns, the primary stem is used in the nominative, vocative, and accusative while the secondary stem is used in the remaining cases. Depending on the noun, the nominative singular (and, for neuter nouns, the vocative and accusative singular) may also be irregular. Additionally, some neuter nouns have an irregular nominative/vocative/accusative plural.

O-stems and ā-stems almost always have a single stem, while other noun classes are more likely to have multiple stems.

The stems are given in the citation form: nominative singular, (nominative plural), genitive singular

  • The nominative plural is used in the citation form when the nominative singular and/or nominative plural is irregular.

O-stems

O-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m. n. m./n. m. n.
Nominative -os -om -ōs
Vocative -e
Accusative -om -ons
Instrumental -ovom -ōis
Dative -ōi -ovos
Ablative -ōd
Genitive -ośśo -ous -ōm
Locative -ei -oizu

Examples:

  • wə́lqos, -oššo (m.): wolf
  • nizdós, -óššo (m.): nest
  • wérjom, -oššo (n.): work

Ā-stems

Ā-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
f. f. f.
Nominative -ā; -ī¹ -āi; -ī¹ -ās; -īs¹
Vocative -a; -i¹
Accusative -ām; -īm¹ -āns; -īns¹
Instrumental -āvom -āvis
Dative -āi -āvos
Ablative -ād
Genitive -ās -āus -āzōm
Locative -āi -āzu

Notes:

¹ Some ā-stem nouns have a primary stem ending in instead of . Such nouns' secondary stems end in -y- (which precedes the ā-stem endings). Such nouns may be referred to as "ī/yā-stem nouns".

Examples:

  • écwā, -ās (f.): mare
  • þōnā́, -ā́s (f.): grain
  • ġnā́, -ā́s (f.): woman
  • də̃źwā́, -ā́s (f.): tongue
  • wəlqī́, wəlqyā́s (f.): she-wolf

I-stems

I-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -is -i -ēis
Vocative -i
Accusative -im -ins
Instrumental -ivom -ivis
Dative -ēi -ivos
Ablative -eid
Genitive -eis -izous -izōm
Locative -ēi -izu

Examples:

  • méntis, mə̃téis (f.): mind, intellect
  • móri, ũréis (n.): sea
  • hóstis, hostéis (m.): foreigner
  • ʕówis, ʕówis (f.): sheep

U-stems

U-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -us -u -ewes
Vocative -u
Accusative -um¹ -uns
Instrumental -uvom -uvis
Dative -ewei -uvos
Ablative -eud
Genitive -eus -uzous -uzōm
Locative -ēu -uzu

Notes:

¹ When the accusative would have ended in -Vum (where V represents a vowel), the -u- instead dropped causing the preceding vowel to be lengthened.

Examples:

  • jéustus, justéus (m.): taste
  • fāźús, fāźéus (m.): arm
  • pérkus, pərkéus (m.): oak
  • jónu, jnéus (n.): knee

Liquid/nasal-stems

These nouns have stems ending in a liquid (r or l) or a nasal (n or m).

In some cases, the stem-final consonant may vary betwen primary and secondary stems - the most common example is an alternation between r and n in neuter nouns.

The following shorthand symbols are used:

  • C: represents the stem-final consonant (may be r, l, n, or m).
  • S: represents the above consonant's "syllabic" counterpart.
  • V: represents the vowel preceding the stem-final consonant (may be e or o).
  • L: represents the above vowel's lengthened counterpart (i.e. ē or ō).
Liquid/nasal-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -LC; -ō¹ -S; -VC³ -VCe -VCes -LC; -ō¹
Vocative -VC
Accusative -VCũ; -Lm² -VCə̃s
Instrumental -Cē⁴ -Svom; -Cvom⁵ -Svis; -Cvis⁵
Dative -Cei⁴ -Svos; -Cvos⁵
Ablative -Ced⁴
Genitive -Ces⁴ -Cous⁴ -Cōm⁴
Locative -Ci⁴ -Szu; -Czu⁵

Notes:

¹ When V = o and C = n (i.e. expected -ōn becomes ).

² When C = m (i.e. expected -Vmũ becomes -Lm).

³ Depending on the noun, the neuter nominative/vocative/accusative singular may end in -S or -VC.

⁵ When a forbidden consonant would result, -ə- is inserted.

-S- becomes -C- after a vowel.

'Examples::

  • patḗr, patrés (m.): father
  • ŧéźōm, ŧəźmés (f.): homeland
  • ənómə̃, ənémnes (n.): name
  • ścũmō, ścũnés (m.): man
  • wódər, wédōr, udnés (n.): water
  • sṓwəl, saunés (n.): sun

Consonant-stems

Consonant-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -s; (irregular - -e -es -a; (irregular
Vocative -
Accusative -ə̃s
Instrumental -fom² -fis²
Dative -ei -fos²
Ablative -ed
Genitive -es -ous -ōm
Locative -i -su²

Notes:

¹ Often irregular.

² Causes a preceding voiced fricative to devoice.

Examples:

  • pōs, pódes, pedés (m.): foot
  • noqs, nóqtes, néqtes (f.): night
  • névos, névōs, névezes (n.): cloud
  • mḗns, mḗnzes (m.): moon

Secondary stem patterns

Nouns with secondary stems that differ from their primary stems tend to follow certain trends. Common ways to derive the secondary stem from the primary stem include (note that multiple ways may co-occur):

  • Shift of accent from the root to the ending.
  • Shortening a long vowel.
  • Change of -o- to -e-.
  • Dropping the nucleus vowel (usually -o- or -e-).
    • If this results in a forbidden consonant cluster:
      • If one of the consonants in that cluster is a liquid (r, l), a nasal (n, m), or a glide (y, w), it is converted to its syllabic counterpart.
      • Otherwise, the cluster is broken with -ə-.

Note that even if one or more of the above changes are possible, they may not occur in a given noun. Unpredictable changes can also occur.

Adjectives

Adjectives are declined as the noun classes; however, in constrast to the masculine and neuter, the feminine almost always falls under the ā-stem class.

The formation of the feminine generally depends on the masculine and neuter class as per the table below:

Name of adjective class Masculine and neuter class Formation of feminine
o/ā-stem o-stem masc./neut. secondary stem + -ā, -ās
u-stem u-stem masc./neut. secondary stem + -ewī, -uyās
i-stem i-stem masc./neut. secondary stem + -ī, -iyās
liquid/nasal-stem liquid/nasal-stem masc./neut. secondary stem + -Cī, -Cyās¹
consonant-stem consonant-stem masc./neut. secondary stem + -ī, -(y)ās¹

Notes:

¹ The feminine secondary stem may end in a palatalized consonant instead of -y-.

The citation form of adjectives is: masculine singular nominative, neuter singular nominative, (masculine/neuter singular genitive), (feminine singular nominative), (feminine singular genitive).

  • The genitive(s) can be dropped when the adjective is declined regularly. This most often happens with ō/ā-stem adjectives.
  • The feminine singular nominative is dropped when feminine forms are identical to the masculine. This occurs in a few adjectives (never o/ā-class), the most notable of which are the cardinal numbers 3 and 4.

Like nouns, adjectives often have secondary stems. These are formed similarly as those of nouns.

Numerals

Number Cardinal Ordinal
1 sḗm, sém, smés, smī́, smyā́s parwós, -óm, -ā́
2 dwṓ, dwṓ, dwā́i ħánteros, -om, -ā
3 trḗis, trī́, trizṓm tritós, -óm, -ā́
4 qetwóres, qetwṓr, qeturṓm qeturtós, -óm, -ā́
5 pénqe, -zōm, -vis penqtós, -óm, -ā́
6 swéśś, -ōm, -fis sweśśtós, -óm, -ā́
7 septṹ, -zōm, -fis septũmós, -óm, -ā́
8 ʕośtṓu, -zōm, -vis ʕośtowós, -óm, -ā́
9 ənéwə̃, -zōm, -vis ənewə̃nós, -óm, -ā́
10 décũt, -ōm, -fis decũtós, -óm, -ā́
20 dwī́conte, -ous, -fom dwīcũtós, -óm, -ā́
30 trī́cont, -ōm, -fis trīcũtós, -óm, -ā́
40 qétwarcont, -ōm, -fis qetwarcontós, -óm, -ā́
50 pénqēcont, -ōm, -fis penqēcontós, -óm, -ā́
60 swéśścont, -ōm, -fis sweśścontós, -óm, -ā́
70 septúncont, -ōm, -fis septuncontós, -óm, -ā́
80 ʕośtṓcont, -ōm, -fis ʕośtōcontós, -óm, -ā́
90 ənéwancont, -ōm, -fis ənewancontós, -óm, -ā́
100 cũtóm, -óśśo cũtomós, -óm, -ā́
200 (dwṓ) cũtṓ, (dwóus) cũtóus; dwōcũtṓ, -óus dwōcũtomós, -óm, -ā́
300 trī́ cũtā́, treyṓm cũtṓm; trīcũtā́, -ṓm trīcũtomós, -óm, -ā́
1000 śézlom, śézlośśo śezlomós, -óm, -ā́
2000 (dwṓ) śézlō, (dwóus) śézlous; dwōśézlō, -ous dwōśezlomós, -óm, -ā́
3000 trī́ śézlā, trizṓm śézlōm; trīśézlā, -ōm trīśezlomós, -óm, -ā́

Note that numbers above 4 do not vary by gender.

Numbers between 5-10 and decades besides 20 take plural inflection. 20 takes dual inflection. Note that the accusative of these numbers is identical to the nominative.

100 and 1000 take singular inflection (with dual/plural used for multiple hundreds/thousands).

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

1st person, 2nd person, and reflexive personal pronouns
Case First person Second person Reflexive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural All numbers
Nominative ejóm wḗ wḗis tū́ yū́ yū́s
Vocative
Accusative tonic əmé anwé ə̃zmé twé ūwé uzmé swé
enclitic me nōs te wōs se
Instrumental əmói anwḗ ə̃zmḗ tói ūwḗ uzmḗ sói
Dative tonic əméźi anwéi ə̃zméi tévi ūwéi uzméi sévi
enclitic mei nōs tei wōs sei
Ablative əméd anwéd ə̃zméd twéd ūwéd uzméd swéd
Genitive tonic əméne anwés ə̃zmés téwe ūwés uzmés séwe
enclitic mei nōs tei wōs sei
Locative əmói anwí ə̃zmí tói ūwí uzmí sói
Possessive adjective əmós, -óm, -ā́ anwós, -óm, -ā́ ə̃zmós, -óm, -ā́ twós, -óm, -ā́ ūwós, -óm, -ā́ uzmós, -óm, -ā́ swós, -óm, -ā́
3rd person pronouns
Case Singular Dual Plural
m. n. f. m./n. f. m. n. f.
Nominative ís íd ī́ ī́ ḗis ī́ ī́s
Vocative í
Accusative ím ī́m íns ī́ns
Instrumental ézmē éśśā éivom éśśāvom éivis éśśāvis
Dative ézmei éśśāi éivos éśśāvos
Ablative ézmed éśśās
Genitive éśśo éizous éśśāus éizōm éśśāzōm
Locative ézmi éśśāi éizu éśśāzu

Demonstrative pronouns

The neutral demonstrative tos "this, that"
Case Singular Dual Plural
m. n. f. m./n. f. m. n. f.
Nominative tós tód tā́ tṓ tā́i tṓs tā́ tā́s
Vocative
Accusative tóm tā́m tóns tā́ns
Instrumental tózmē tóśśā tóivom tóśśāvom tóivis tóśśāvis
Dative tózmei tóśśāi tóivos tóśśāvos
Ablative tózmed tóśśās
Genitive tóśśo tóizous tóśśāus tóizōm tóśśāzōm
Locative tózmi tóśśāi tóizu tóśśāzu

Verbs

Particles

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources