Zanahi: Difference between revisions
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Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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! Letter !! Scientific transliteration !! Alternative transliterations !! IPA !! Name !! Remarks | ! Letter !! Scientific transliteration !! Alternative transliterations !! IPA !! Name !! Remarks | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ' || ʔ; ˀ; 2 || {{IPA|/ʔ/}} || | | || ' || ʔ; ˀ; 2 || {{IPA|/ʔ/}} || ’ālaf || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || b || || {{IPA|/b/}} || | | || b || || {{IPA|/b/}} || bāṯ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || v || ḇ; bh || {{IPA|/v/}} || | | || v || ḇ; bh || {{IPA|/v/}} || vāṯ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || g || || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || gāmal || | | || g || || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || gāmal || | ||
Line 205: | Line 205: | ||
| || ḏ || dh; ð || {{IPA|/ð/}} || ḏālaṯ || | | || ḏ || dh; ð || {{IPA|/ð/}} || ḏālaṯ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || h || || {{IPA|/h/}} || | | || h || || {{IPA|/h/}} || hā || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || w || || {{IPA|/w/}} || wāw || | | || w || || {{IPA|/w/}} || wāw || | ||
Line 211: | Line 211: | ||
| || z || || {{IPA|/z/}} || zayn || | | || z || || {{IPA|/z/}} || zayn || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ḥ || ħ; h'; 7 || {{IPA|/ħ/}} || | | || ḥ || ħ; h'; 7 || {{IPA|/ħ/}} || ḥāṯ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ḫ || kh; ch; x; 7' || {{IPA|/x ~ χ/}} || | | || ḫ || kh; ch; x; 7' || {{IPA|/x ~ χ/}} || ḫāṯ || Used in Arabic and other early Semitic loanwords. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ṭ || t'; 6 || {{IPA|/t̪ˁ/}} || | | || ṭ || t'; 6 || {{IPA|/t̪ˁ/}} || ṭāṯ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ẓ || z'; dh'; ð̣; 6' || {{IPA|/ðˁ/}} || | | || ẓ || z'; dh'; ð̣; 6' || {{IPA|/ðˁ/}} || ẓāṯ || Used in Arabic loanwords. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || y || || {{IPA|/j/}} || | | || y || || {{IPA|/j/}} || yāḏ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || k || || {{IPA|/k/}} || kāf || | | || k || || {{IPA|/k/}} || kāf || | ||
Line 239: | Line 239: | ||
| || ġ || gh; ɣ; 3' || {{IPA|/ɣ ~ ʁ/}} || ġayn || Used in Arabic and other early Semitic loanwords. | | || ġ || gh; ɣ; 3' || {{IPA|/ɣ ~ ʁ/}} || ġayn || Used in Arabic and other early Semitic loanwords. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || p || || {{IPA|/p/}} || | | || p || || {{IPA|/p/}} || pā || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || f || p̄; ph || {{IPA|/f/}} || | | || f || p̄; ph || {{IPA|/f/}} || fā || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ṣ || s'; 9 || {{IPA|/sˁ/}} || | | || ṣ || s'; 9 || {{IPA|/sˁ/}} || ṣāḏā || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ḍ || d'; 9' || {{IPA|/d͡ɮˁ/}} || | | || ḍ || d'; 9' || {{IPA|/d͡ɮˁ/}} || ḍāḏā || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || q || ḳ || {{IPA|/q/}} || | | || q || ḳ || {{IPA|/q/}} || qāf || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || r || || {{IPA|/r/}} || | | || r || || {{IPA|/r/}} || rāš || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || š || sh || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || šīn || | | || š || sh || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || šīn || |
Revision as of 13:56, 25 November 2022
Zanahi (native: zanāhī, haṭ-ṭaṣwā haz-zanāhiyyā) is an Indo-European language with a high degree of Semitic influence.
Zanahi | |
---|---|
zanāhī | |
Pronunciation | [zænæːhiː] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
| |
Early form | Proto-Zanahi
|
Introduction
Zanahi is a satem language.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Denti-alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | emphatic | |||||||||
Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | ||||||||
Stop | voiceless | /p/ | /t̪/ | /t̪ˁ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /k/ | /q/ | /ʔ/ | ||
voiced | /b/ | /d̪/ | /d͡ɮˤ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /ɡ/ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /θ/ | /s/ | /sˤ/ | /ʃ/ | /x ~ χ/ | /ħ/ | /h/ | |
voiced | /v/ | /ð/ | /z/ | /ðˤ/ | /ɣ ~ ʁ/ | /ʕ/ | ||||
Trill | /r/ | |||||||||
Approximant | /l/ | /j/ | /w/ |
Vowels
Short | Long | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Back | Front | Back | |
Close | /i/ | /u/ | /iː/ | /uː/ |
Mid | /eː/ | /oː/ | ||
Open | /a/ | /aː/ | ||
Diphthongs | /aw/, /aj/ |
Orthography
Letter | Scientific transliteration | Alternative transliterations | IPA | Name | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
' | ʔ; ˀ; 2 | /ʔ/ | ’ālaf | ||
b | /b/ | bāṯ | |||
v | ḇ; bh | /v/ | vāṯ | ||
g | /ɡ/ | gāmal | |||
ḡ | gh; ɣ; ġ | /ɣ ~ ʁ/ | ḡāmal | ||
ǧ | j | /d͡ʒ/ | ǧāmal | Used in Arabic and other foreign loanwords. | |
d | /d̪/ | dālaṯ | |||
ḏ | dh; ð | /ð/ | ḏālaṯ | ||
h | /h/ | hā | |||
w | /w/ | wāw | |||
z | /z/ | zayn | |||
ḥ | ħ; h'; 7 | /ħ/ | ḥāṯ | ||
ḫ | kh; ch; x; 7' | /x ~ χ/ | ḫāṯ | Used in Arabic and other early Semitic loanwords. | |
ṭ | t'; 6 | /t̪ˁ/ | ṭāṯ | ||
ẓ | z'; dh'; ð̣; 6' | /ðˁ/ | ẓāṯ | Used in Arabic loanwords. | |
y | /j/ | yāḏ | |||
k | /k/ | kāf | |||
ḵ | kh; ch; x | /x ~ χ/ | ḵāf | ||
č | ch; tsh | /t͡ʃ/ | čāf | Used in non-Semitic loanwords. | |
l | /l/ | lāmaḏ | |||
m | /m/ | mīm | |||
n | /n/ | nūn | |||
s | /s/ | samkaṯ | |||
ʻ | c; ʕ; ˁ; "; 3 | /ʕ/ | ʻayn | ||
ġ | gh; ɣ; 3' | /ɣ ~ ʁ/ | ġayn | Used in Arabic and other early Semitic loanwords. | |
p | /p/ | pā | |||
f | p̄; ph | /f/ | fā | ||
ṣ | s'; 9 | /sˁ/ | ṣāḏā | ||
ḍ | d'; 9' | /d͡ɮˁ/ | ḍāḏā | ||
q | ḳ | /q/ | qāf | ||
r | /r/ | rāš | |||
š | sh | /ʃ/ | šīn | ||
t | /t̪/ | tāw | |||
ṯ | th; θ; þ | /θ/ | ṯāw |
Grapheme | Scientific transliteration | Alternative transliterations | IPA | Name | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | /a/ | fatḥā | |||
e | /e/ | imālā | In native words, only occurs in combination with a mater lectionis. | ||
i | /i/ | kasrā | |||
o | /o/ | tafḫīmā | In native words, only occurs in combination with a mater lectionis. | ||
u | /u/ | ḍammā | |||
ā | aa; â | /aː/ | |||
â | aa; ā | /aː/ | Used in a few words. | ||
ē | ee; ea; ei; ey; ê | /eː/ | |||
ī | ii; ee; iy; î | /iː/ | |||
ō | oo; oa; ou; ow; ô | /oː/ | |||
ū | uu; oo; uw; û | /uː/ | |||
aw | au | /aw/ | |||
ay | ai | /aj/ | |||
C | C | sukūn | Used to indicate that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. | ||
CC | Cː | šaddā | Used to indicate that a consonant is geminated. |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Lenition
Non-emphatic plosives undergo lenition to fricatives (analogous to "begadkefat" in Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew) in certain environments.
Un-lenited | Lenited |
---|---|
/b/ | /v/ |
/ɡ/ | /ɣ ~ ʁ/ |
/d/ | /ð/ |
/k/ | /x ~ χ/ |
/p/ | /f/ |
/t/ | /θ/ |
Morphology
Like Arabic, Zanahi words are traditionally classified in three categories: nominals, verbs, and particles.
Nominals
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person/ Number |
Independent | Dependent |
---|---|---|
1S | ’ammā | -mā |
2SM | ’antā | -tā/-ṯā |
2SF | ’antī | -tī/ṯī |
3SM | hattā | -hā |
3SF | hattī | -hī |
1P | ’annā | -nā |
2PM | ’antān | -tān/ṯān |
2PF | ’antīn | -tīn/ṯīn |
3PM | hattān | -hān |
3PF | hattīn | -hīn |
Demonstrative pronouns
Distance | Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
masc. | fem. | masc. | fem. | |
Near | sā | sī | sān | sīn |
Far | tā | tī | tān | tīn |
Nouns and adjectives
Nouns do not decline for case.
There are two genders: masculine and feminine.The feminine is most often marked with the ending -ā.
There are two numbers: singular and plural.
Adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender and definiteness.
The definite article is ha-, which is prefixed to the noun/adjective causes the first consonant to geminate if it is not pharngeal or glottal. There is no indefinite article.
Below is an example declension for the adjective bān "clear":
Gender | Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
indef. | def. | indef. | def. | |
Masculine | bān | hab-bān | bānīn | hab-bānīn |
Feminine | bānā | hab-bānā | bānān | hab-bānān |
Adverbs
Numerals
Symbol | Cardinal number | |
---|---|---|
masc. | fem. | |
0 | ṣifr | |
1 | ‘ayn | ‘aynā |
2 | ṭuwā | |
3 | tarayā | tarē |
4 | kaṯurā | kaṯur |
5 | pankā | pank |
6 | šaššā | šašš |
7 | haftā | haft |
8 | ‘aṣṭā | ‘aṣṭ |
9 | nawā | nō |
10 | ṭasā | ṭas |
11 | ‘ayn ṭas | ‘aynā ṭasā |
12 | ṭuwā ṭas | ṭuwā ṭasā |
13 | tarayā ṭas | tarē ṭasā |
14 | kaṯurā ṭas | kaṯur ṭasā |
15 | pankā ṭas | pank ṭasā |
16 | šaššā ṭas | šašš ṭasā |
17 | haftā ṭas | haft ṭasā |
18 | ‘aṣṭā ṭas | ‘aṣṭ ṭasā |
19 | nawā ṭas | nō ṭasā |
20 | ṭasīn | |
21 | ‘ayn wa ṭasīn | ‘aynā wa ṭasīn |
30 | tarayīn | |
40 | kaṯurīn | |
50 | pankīn | |
60 | šaššīn | |
70 | haftīn | |
80 | ‘aṣṭīn | |
90 | nawīn | |
100 | sint | |
200 | ṭuwā sintīn | |
1000 | ’alf | |
2000 | ṭuwā ’alfīn |