Zanahi: Difference between revisions

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====Lenition====
====Lenition====
Non-emphatic plosives undergo lenition to fricatives (analogous to "begadkefat" in Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew) in certain environments.
Non-emphatic plosives undergo lenition to fricatives (analogous to "begadkefat" in Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew) in certain environments.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonants that undergo lenition
|+ Consonants that undergo lenition
! Un-lenited !! Lenited
! Un-lenited !! Lenited
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/b/}} || {{IPA|/v/}}
| ''b'' {{IPA|/b/}} || ''v'' {{IPA|/v/}}
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || {{IPA|/ɣ ~ ʁ/}}
| ''g'' {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || ''ḡ'' {{IPA|/ɣ ~ ʁ/}}
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/d/}} || {{IPA|/ð/}}
| ''d'' {{IPA|/d/}} || ''ḏ'' {{IPA|/ð/}}
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/k/}} || {{IPA|/x ~ χ/}}
| ''k'' {{IPA|/k/}} || ''ḵ'' {{IPA|/x ~ χ/}}
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/p/}} || {{IPA|/f/}}
| ''p'' {{IPA|/p/}} || ''f'' {{IPA|/f/}}
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/θ/}}
| ''t'' {{IPA|/t/}} || ''ṯ'' {{IPA|/θ/}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Vowel breaking====
This refers to the "breaking up" of ''ē'' and ''ō'' into ''ay'' and ''aw'' respectively before vowel-initial suffixes.
<!--
This is due to the historical sound changes ''ayV#'' > ''ē'' and ''awV#'' > ''ō''-->


==Morphology==
==Morphology==

Revision as of 14:02, 25 November 2022

Zanahi (native: zanāhī, haṭ-ṭaṣwā haz-zanāhiyyā) is an Indo-European language with a high degree of Semitic influence.

Zanahi
zanāhī
Pronunciation[zænæːhiː]
Created byShariifka
Early form
Proto-Zanahi

Introduction

Zanahi is a satem language.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Zanahi
Labial Dental Denti-alveolar Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain emphatic
Nasal /m/ /n/
Stop voiceless /p/ /t̪/ /t̪ˁ/ /t͡ʃ/ /k/ /q/ /ʔ/
voiced /b/ /d̪/ /d͡ɮˤ/ /d͡ʒ/ /ɡ/
Fricative voiceless /f/ /θ/ /s/ /sˤ/ /ʃ/ /x ~ χ/ /ħ/ /h/
voiced /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ðˤ/ /ɣ ~ ʁ/ /ʕ/
Trill /r/
Approximant /l/ /j/ /w/

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Zanahi
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close /i/ /u/ /iː/ /uː/
Mid /eː/ /oː/
Open /a/ /aː/
Diphthongs /aw/, /aj/

Orthography

Zanahi orthography (consonants)
Letter Scientific transliteration Alternative transliterations IPA Name Remarks
' ʔ; ˀ; 2 /ʔ/ ’ālaf
b /b/ bāṯ
v ḇ; bh /v/ vāṯ
g /ɡ/ gāmal
ḡ gh; ɣ; ġ /ɣ ~ ʁ/ ḡāmal
ǧ j /d͡ʒ/ ǧāmal Used in Arabic and other foreign loanwords.
d /d̪/ dālaṯ
ḏ dh; ð /ð/ ḏālaṯ
h /h/ hā
w /w/ wāw
z /z/ zayn
ḥ ħ; h'; 7 /ħ/ ḥāṯ
ḫ kh; ch; x; 7' /x ~ χ/ ḫāṯ Used in Arabic and other early Semitic loanwords.
ṭ t'; 6 /t̪ˁ/ ṭāṯ
ẓ z'; dh'; ð̣; 6' /ðˁ/ ẓāṯ Used in Arabic loanwords.
y /j/ yāḏ
k /k/ kāf
ḵ kh; ch; x /x ~ χ/ ḵāf
č ch; tsh /t͡ʃ/ čāf Used in non-Semitic loanwords.
l /l/ lāmaḏ
m /m/ mīm
n /n/ nūn
s /s/ samkaṯ
ʻ c; ʕ; ˁ; "; 3 /ʕ/ ʻayn
ġ gh; ɣ; 3' /ɣ ~ ʁ/ ġayn Used in Arabic and other early Semitic loanwords.
p /p/ pā
f p̄; ph /f/ fā
ṣ s'; 9 /sˁ/ ṣāḏā
ḍ d'; 9' /d͡ɮˁ/ ḍāḏā
q ḳ /q/ qāf
r /r/ rāš
š sh /ʃ/ šīn
t /t̪/ tāw
ṯ th; θ; þ /θ/ ṯāw
Zanahi orthography (vowels)
Grapheme Scientific transliteration Alternative transliterations IPA Name Remarks
a /a/ fatḥā
e /e/ imālā In native words, only occurs in combination with a mater lectionis.
i /i/ kasrā
o /o/ tafḫīmā In native words, only occurs in combination with a mater lectionis.
u /u/ ḍammā
ā aa; â /aː/
â aa; ā /aː/ Used in a few words.
ē ee; ea; ei; ey; ê /eː/
ī ii; ee; iy; î /iː/
ō oo; oa; ou; ow; ô /oː/
ū uu; oo; uw; û /uː/
aw au /aw/
ay ai /aj/
C C sukūn Used to indicate that a consonant is not followed by a vowel.
CC Cː šaddā Used to indicate that a consonant is geminated.

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Lenition

Non-emphatic plosives undergo lenition to fricatives (analogous to "begadkefat" in Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew) in certain environments.

Consonants that undergo lenition
Un-lenited Lenited
b /b/ v /v/
g /ɡ/ ḡ /ɣ ~ ʁ/
d /d/ ḏ /ð/
k /k/ ḵ /x ~ χ/
p /p/ f /f/
t /t/ ṯ /θ/

Vowel breaking

This refers to the "breaking up" of ē and ō into ay and aw respectively before vowel-initial suffixes.

Morphology

Like Arabic, Zanahi words are traditionally classified in three categories: nominals, verbs, and particles.

Nominals

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Zanahi personal pronouns
Person/
Number		 Independent Dependent
1S ’ammā -mā
2SM ’antā -tā/-ṯā
2SF ’antī -tī/ṯī
3SM hattā -hā
3SF hattī -hī
1P ’annā -nā
2PM ’antān -tān/ṯān
2PF ’antīn -tīn/ṯīn
3PM hattān -hān
3PF hattīn -hīn
Demonstrative pronouns
Zanahi demonstratives
Distance Singular Plural
masc. fem. masc. fem.
Near sā sī sān sīn
Far tā tī tān tīn

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns do not decline for case.

There are two genders: masculine and feminine.The feminine is most often marked with the ending -ā.

There are two numbers: singular and plural.

Adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender and definiteness.

The definite article is ha-, which is prefixed to the noun/adjective causes the first consonant to geminate if it is not pharngeal or glottal. There is no indefinite article.

Below is an example declension for the adjective bān "clear":

Declension of bān "clear"
Gender Singular Plural
indef. def. indef. def.
Masculine bān hab-bān bānīn hab-bānīn
Feminine bānā hab-bānā bānān hab-bānān

Adverbs

Numerals

Zanahi numerals
Symbol Cardinal number
masc. fem.
0 ṣifr
1 ‘ayn ‘aynā
2 ṭuwā
3 tarayā tarē
4 kaṯurā kaṯur
5 pankā pank
6 šaššā šašš
7 haftā haft
8 ‘aṣṭā ‘aṣṭ
9 nawā nō
10 ṭasā ṭas
11 ‘ayn ṭas ‘aynā ṭasā
12 ṭuwā ṭas ṭuwā ṭasā
13 tarayā ṭas tarē ṭasā
14 kaṯurā ṭas kaṯur ṭasā
15 pankā ṭas pank ṭasā
16 šaššā ṭas šašš ṭasā
17 haftā ṭas haft ṭasā
18 ‘aṣṭā ṭas ‘aṣṭ ṭasā
19 nawā ṭas nō ṭasā
20 ṭasīn
21 ‘ayn wa ṭasīn ‘aynā wa ṭasīn
30 tarayīn
40 kaṯurīn
50 pankīn
60 šaššīn
70 haftīn
80 ‘aṣṭīn
90 nawīn
100 sint
200 ṭuwā sintīn
1000 ’alf
2000 ṭuwā ’alfīn

Verbs

Particles

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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