Proto-Rathmosian/Later Developments

Common Changes

• unstressed eC > iC and eyC > iyC
• word-final, short a, e lost in words of 3 or more syllables: negara > negar
• loss of word-final nasals -n, -m with nasalisation or preceding vowel, creating new ą, ę, į, ų and ąą, ęę, įį, ųų
• loss of word-final -t
• raising of e > i, ew > iw and ey > ii before i or y in the next syllable
• loss of y between vowels and contraction of remaining vowels
• loss of word-final short, non-nasal vowels in words of 3 or more syllables: negani > negan
• raising of a(a) > ä(ä), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in the following syllable
• lowering of u(u) > new vowel o(o) before a(a), ä(ä), ą(ą) in the next syllable: kukad "he eats" > kokad.
• unstressed diphthongs become long vowels: aw > oo, ay > ee, ew > oo, ey > ee
• final-syllable long vowels shortened

Rathmos Changes

• nasals followed by fricatives are lost, leading to compensatory lengthening and nasalisation of preceding vowel: negans > negąąs
• a(a) and ay raised to ä(ä), äy except before -n, -m or before a back vowel (a(a), o(o), u(u)) in the next syllable
  • unstressed äC > eC
• word-final -a lost
• stressed ä, e, i > äw, ew, iw before -w, -lC, rC
• changes to diphthongs: ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo, ey > ee, ew > eo, uy
• k, g, sk palatalised to ch /t͡ʃ/, ȝ /ʝ/, sh /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (ä, e, i, ü) or y, or (b) after e, i except when followed by a back vowel: negara > neger > neȝer but neganta > negan
• i-mutation: a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in next syllable