Plevian: Difference between revisions
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| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
| a || everywhere || {{IPA|a}} || | | a || everywhere || {{IPA|a}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| b || everywhere || {{IPA|b}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[β]}} between vowels | | b || everywhere || {{IPA|b}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[β]}} between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| c || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || {{IPA|tʃ}} || | | rowspan="2"| c || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || {{IPA|tʃ}} || | ||
| Line 88: | Line 88: | ||
| cj || before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|tʃ}} || | | cj || before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|tʃ}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| d || everywhere || {{IPA|d}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ð]}} between vowels | | d || everywhere || {{IPA|d}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ð]}} between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dz || everywhere || {{IPA|dz}} || | | dz || everywhere || {{IPA|dz}} || | ||
| Line 96: | Line 96: | ||
| f || everywhere || {{IPA|f}} || | | f || everywhere || {{IPA|f}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| g || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ʒ]}} between vowels | | rowspan="2"| g || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ʒ]}} between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩; before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|ɡ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ɣ]}} between vowels | | before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩; before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|ɡ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ɣ]}} between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| gh || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩ || {{IPA|ɡ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ɣ]}} between vowels | | gh || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩ || {{IPA|ɡ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ɣ]}} between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| gi || before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, or ⟨e⟩ || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ʒ]}} between vowels | | rowspan="2"| gi || before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, or ⟨e⟩ || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ʒ]}} between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| otherwise || {{IPA|dʒi}} || | | otherwise || {{IPA|dʒi}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| gj || before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[β]}} after vowels | | gj || before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[β]}} after vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| gu || before vowels || {{IPA|ɡw}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} between vowels | | rowspan="2"| gu || before vowels || {{IPA|ɡw}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| otherwise || {{IPA|ɡu}} || | | otherwise || {{IPA|ɡu}} || | ||
| Line 150: | Line 150: | ||
| t || everywhere || {{IPA|t}} || | | t || everywhere || {{IPA|t}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| u || before vowels || {{IPA|w}} || | | rowspan="2"| u || before vowels || {{IPA|w}} || After a consonant, usually pronounced as labialization {{IPA|[ʷ]}}. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| otherwise || {{IPA|u}} || | | otherwise || {{IPA|u}} || | ||
| Line 156: | Line 156: | ||
| v || everywhere || {{IPA|v}} || | | v || everywhere || {{IPA|v}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| w || in loanwords || {{IPA|ɡw}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} between vowels | | w || in loanwords || {{IPA|ɡw}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| x || before vowels; before voiced consonants || {{IPA|ʒ}} || | | rowspan="2"| x || before vowels; before voiced consonants || {{IPA|ʒ}} || | ||
| Line 168: | Line 168: | ||
| between consonants; word-finally after a consonant || {{IPA|ʃi}} || | | between consonants; word-finally after a consonant || {{IPA|ʃi}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| otherwise | | otherwise || {{IPA|ʒi}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| y || in loanwords before vowels || {{IPA|j}} || | | rowspan="2"| y || in loanwords before vowels || {{IPA|j}} || | ||
Revision as of 06:46, 21 January 2023
Plevian (native: pleviano, sa dengua pleviana) is an Italic language descended from Old Latin.
| Plevian | |
|---|---|
| sa dengua pleviana | |
| Pronunciation | [sa ˈdeŋɡwa pleˈvjana] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Old Latin
|
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
| Grapheme | Environment | IPA | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | everywhere | a | |
| b | everywhere | b | May be pronounced [β] between vowels. |
| c | before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ | tʃ | |
| before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩; before a consonant; word-finally | k | ||
| ch | before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩ | k | |
| ci | before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, or ⟨e⟩ | tʃ | |
| otherwise | tʃi | ||
| cj | before a consonant; word-finally | tʃ | |
| d | everywhere | d | May be pronounced [ð] between vowels. |
| dz | everywhere | dz | |
| e | everywhere | e | |
| f | everywhere | f | |
| g | before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ | dʒ | May be pronounced [ʒ] between vowels. |
| before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩; before a consonant; word-finally | ɡ | May be pronounced [ɣ] between vowels. | |
| gh | before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩ | ɡ | May be pronounced [ɣ] between vowels. |
| gi | before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, or ⟨e⟩ | dʒ | May be pronounced [ʒ] between vowels. |
| otherwise | dʒi | ||
| gj | before a consonant; word-finally | dʒ | May be pronounced [β] after vowels. |
| gu | before vowels | ɡw | May be pronounced [w] between vowels. |
| otherwise | ɡu | ||
| h | all | χ | |
| i | before vowels | j | |
| otherwise | i | ||
| j | everywhere | j | |
| k | in loanwords | k | |
| l | everywhere | l | |
| li | before vowels | ʎ | |
| otherwise | li | ||
| m | everywhere | m | |
| n | everywhere | n | |
| ni | before vowels | ɲ | |
| otherwise | ni | ||
| o | everywhere | o | |
| p | everywhere | p | |
| qu | everywhere | kw | |
| r | everywhere | r | |
| s | between vowels; before voiced consonants | z | |
| otherwise | s | ||
| t | everywhere | t | |
| u | before vowels | w | After a consonant, usually pronounced as labialization [ʷ]. |
| otherwise | u | ||
| v | everywhere | v | |
| w | in loanwords | ɡw | May be pronounced [w] between vowels. |
| x | before vowels; before voiced consonants | ʒ | |
| otherwise | ʃ | ||
| xi | between vowels | ʒ | |
| before vowels otherwise | ʃ | ||
| between consonants; word-finally after a consonant | ʃi | ||
| otherwise | ʒi | ||
| y | in loanwords before vowels | j | |
| in loanwords otherwise | i | ||
| z | everywhere | ts |
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar/ Guttural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | |
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʃ | ||
| voiced | dz | dʒ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | χ |
| voiced | v | (z) | (ʒ) | ||
| Approximant | j | w | |||
| Lateral | l | ʎ | |||
| Trill | r | ||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
In addition to the monopthongs above, the following diphthongs are possible:
- Rising: ia, ie, io, iu, ua, ue, uo, ui
- Falling: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
The most common diphthongs are ia, ua, ue, and io. Additionally, ui is common after /k/ and /ɡ/. The remaining diphthongs are rare.
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns may be masculine or feminine.
Nouns are pluralized in -x. After a consonant, this ending becomes -ex.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the noun they govern in gender and number.
Adjectives whose masculine forms end in -o are feminized in -a. Otherwise, the masculine and feminine forms are identical.
Like nouns, adjectives are pluralized in -(e)x.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Person/ Number | Subject | Object | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weak | Strong | |||
| 1S | mu | me | mo | miaxxo |
| 2S | tu | te | to | tiaxxo |
| 3SM | gio | gio | gio | giuaxxo |
| 3SF | gia | gia | gia | giaxxo |
| 3R | su | se | so | siaxxo |
| 1P | nox | nox | nox | nuastro |
| 2P | gox | gox | gox | guastro |
| 3PM | giox | giox | giox | goro |
| 3PF | giax | giax | giax | giaro |