Cathardic: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 368: Line 368:
|colspan="4"| -athu, -atha
|colspan="4"| -athu, -atha
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| -o || -aba || -ái || -e || -are || -ase
| -o || -aba || -ái || -e || -are || -ase || -e
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| -as || -abas || -aisti || -es || -ares || -ases
| -as || -abas || -aisti || -es || -ares || -ases || -a
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| -ath || -abath || -áith || -eth || -areth || -aseth
| -ath || -abath || -áith || -eth || -areth || -aseth || -eth
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| -amus || -abamus || -aimus || -emus || -aremus || -asemus
| -amus || -abamus || -aimus || -emus || -aremus || -asemus || -emus
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| -akhis || -abakhis || -aistis || -ekhis || -arekhis || -asekhis
| -akhis || -abakhis || -aistis || -ekhis || -arekhis || -asekhis || -athe
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -and || -aband || -arund || -end || -arend || -asend
| -and || -aband || -arund || -end || -arend || -asend || -end
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 403: Line 403:
|colspan="4"| -uthu, -utha
|colspan="4"| -uthu, -utha
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| -o¹ || -eba || -í² || -a || -ere || -ese
| -o¹ || -eba || -í² || -a || -ere || -ese || -a¹
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| -es || -ebas || -isti || -as || -eres || -eses
| -es || -ebas || -isti || -as || -eres || -eses || -e
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| -eth || -ebath || -íth² || -ath || -ereth || -eseth
| -eth || -ebath || -íth² || -ath || -ereth || -eseth || -ath¹
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| -emus || -ebamus || -imus || -amus || -eremus || -esemus
| -emus || -ebamus || -imus || -amus || -eremus || -esemus || -amus¹
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| -ekhis || -ebakhis || -istis || -akhis || -erekhis || -esekhis
| -ekhis || -ebakhis || -istis || -akhis || -erekhis || -esekhis || -ethe
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -end; -und¹ || -eband || -erund || -and || -erend || -esend
| -end; -und¹ || -eband || -erund || -and || -erend || -esend || -and¹
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending ''-und'' instead of ''-end'') and the present subjunctive.
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending ''-und'' instead of ''-end''), the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.


² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
Line 447: Line 447:
|colspan="4"| -ithu, -itha
|colspan="4"| -ithu, -itha
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| -o¹ || -iba || -í² || -a || -ire || -ise
| -o¹ || -iba || -í² || -a || -ire || -ise || -a¹
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| -is || -ibas || -isti || -as || -ires || -eses
| -is || -ibas || -isti || -as || -ires || -eses || -i
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| -ith || -ibath || -íth² || -ath || -ireth || -eseth
| -ith || -ibath || -íth² || -ath || -ireth || -eseth || -ath¹
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| -imus || -ibamus || -imus || -amus || -iremus || -esemus
| -imus || -ibamus || -imus || -amus || -iremus || -esemus || -amus¹
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| -ikhis || -ibakhis || -istis || -akhis || -irekhis || -esekhis
| -ikhis || -ibakhis || -istis || -akhis || -irekhis || -esekhis || -ithe
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -und¹ || -iband || -erund || -and || -irend || -esend
| -und¹ || -iband || -erund || -and || -irend || -esend || -and¹
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S and the present subjunctive.
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S, the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.


² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
Line 490: Line 490:
|colspan="4"| fithu, fitha
|colspan="4"| fithu, fitha
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite³
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| sun || fiba || fui || sia || fire || fuise
| sun || fiba || fui || sia || fire || fuise || fia
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| es || fibas || fuisti || sias || fires || fueses
| es || fibas || fuisti || sias || fires || fueses || fi
|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| est || fibath || fuith || siath || fireth || fueseth
| est || fibath || fuith || siath || fireth || fueseth || fiath
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| sumus || fibamus || fuimus || siamus || firemus || fuesemus
| sumus || fibamus || fuimus || siamus || firemus || fuesemus || fiamus
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| sukhis || fibakhis || fuistis || siakhis || firekhis || fuesekhis
| sukhis || fibakhis || fuistis || siakhis || firekhis || fuesekhis || fiathe
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| sund || fiband || fuerund || siand || firend || fuesend
| sund || fiband || fuerund || siand || firend || fuesend || fiant
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 16:02, 8 February 2023

Cathardic (native: kathárdikhu /kaˈθaɾdixu/) is an African Romance language.

Cathardic
sa lingwa sa kathárdikha
Pronunciation[sa ˈliŋgwa sa kaˈθaɾdixa]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Kathárdikhu comes from a hypothetical Latin *Carthaginicus from Carthagō "Carthage" + -icus "-ic".

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are pluralized by adding -s. If the noun ends in a consonant, an epenthetic -e- is inserted before the plural ending.

If the singular ends in a high vowel (-u or -i), it is changed to its mid counterpart (-o- or -e- respectively) before adding the plural ending.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with the nouns they govern in gender, number, and definiteness.

Adjectives are pluralized in the same way as nouns.

Articles

Nouns and adjectives take the definite article: su (m. sg.), sa (f. sg.), sos (m. pl.), sas (f. pl.)

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Cathardic first person pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject meu e nos
Direct object mi me nos
Indirect object mi mi nos
Possessive meyu, -a me nostru, -a nos
Cathardic second person pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject teu tu gos
Direct object ti te gos
Indirect object ti ti gos
Possessive tu, tua te gostru, -a gos
Cathardic third person masculine pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject isu su isos sos
Direct object isu su isos sos
Indirect object sui si isos sos
Possessive su, sua su isoru, -a sor
Cathardic third person feminine pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject isa sa isas sas
Direct object isa sa isas sas
Indirect object sei si isas sas
Possessive su, sua su isaru, -a sar
Cathardic third person reflexive pronouns
Full Clitic
Subject —
Direct object si se
Indirect object si si
Possessive su, sua se

Numbers

Cardinal Ordinal
0 nulu nulísimu
1 u, ua filmu, -a
2 duos, duas sekhunu, -a
3 thres thelchu, -a
4 kwator kwaltu, -a
5 kingwe kwindu, -a
6 ses sestu, -a
7 sete sétimu, -a
8 oto otabu, -a
9 nobe nobeyu, -a
10 dekhe dékhimu, -a
11 únekhi unékhimu, -a
12 dódekhi dodékhimu, -a
13 thrédekhi thredékhimu, -a
14 kwatórdekhi kwatordékhimu, -a
15 kwínekhi kwinékhimu, -a
16 sédekhi sedékhimu, -a
17 dekhesete dekhesétimu, -a
18 dekhoto dekhotabu, -a
19 dekhenobe dekhenobeyu, -a
20 gwindi gwísimu, -a
21 u eth gwindi u eth gwísimu, -a
30 thrinda thrísimu, -a
40 kwaranda kwarásimu, -a
50 kingwanda kingwásimu, -a
60 sesanda sesásimu, -a
70 setanda setásimu, -a
80 otanda otásimu, -a
90 nobanda nobásimu, -a
100 kendu kendísimu, -a
101 kendu u kendu filmu, -a
200 dukhendos dukhendísimu, -a
300 threkhendos threkhendísimu, -a
400 kwatorkendos kwatorkendísimu, -a
500 kwingendos kwingendísimu, -a
600 seskendos seskendísimu, -a
700 setekhendos setekhendísimu, -a
800 otokhendos otokhendísimu, -a
900 nobekhendos nobekhendísimu, -a
1000 mile milísimu, -a
2000 dumiles dumilísimu, -a

Verbs

Tenses and Non-finite forms

  • Non-finite forms
    • Infinitive
    • Gerund
    • Participle
  • Indicative
    • Present
    • Imperfect
    • Preterite
    • Perfect
      • Present of abere "to have" + participle
    • Pluperfect
      • Imperfect of abere "to have" + participle
    • Future
      • Present of abere + ad + infinitive
    • Future perfect
      • Present of abere + ad + abere + participle
    • Conditional
      • Imperfect of abere + ad + infinitive
  • Subjunctive
    • Present
    • Imperfect
    • Preterite
    • Perfect
      • Present subjunctive of abere + participle
    • Pluperfect
      • Imperfect subjunctive of abere + participle
  • Imperative

-are verbs

Infinitive -are
Gerund -ande
Participle -athu, -atha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S -o -aba -ái -e -are -ase -e
2S -as -abas -aisti -es -ares -ases -a
3S -ath -abath -áith -eth -areth -aseth -eth
1P -amus -abamus -aimus -emus -aremus -asemus -emus
2P -akhis -abakhis -aistis -ekhis -arekhis -asekhis -athe
3P -and -aband -arund -end -arend -asend -end

-ere verbs

Infinitive -ere
Gerund -ende
Participle -uthu, -utha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present¹ Imperfect Preterite³
1S -o¹ -eba -í² -a -ere -ese -a¹
2S -es -ebas -isti -as -eres -eses -e
3S -eth -ebath -íth² -ath -ereth -eseth -ath¹
1P -emus -ebamus -imus -amus -eremus -esemus -amus¹
2P -ekhis -ebakhis -istis -akhis -erekhis -esekhis -ethe
3P -end; -und¹ -eband -erund -and -erend -esend -and¹

Notes:

¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending -und instead of -end), the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.

² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.

³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.


-ire verbs

Infinitive -ire
Gerund -inde
Participle -ithu, -itha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present¹ Imperfect Preterite³
1S -o¹ -iba -í² -a -ire -ise -a¹
2S -is -ibas -isti -as -ires -eses -i
3S -ith -ibath -íth² -ath -ireth -eseth -ath¹
1P -imus -ibamus -imus -amus -iremus -esemus -amus¹
2P -ikhis -ibakhis -istis -akhis -irekhis -esekhis -ithe
3P -und¹ -iband -erund -and -irend -esend -and¹

Notes:

¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S, the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.

² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.

³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.

Important irregular verbs

fire "to be"
Infinitive fire
Gerund finde
Participle fithu, fitha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present¹ Imperfect Preterite³
1S sun fiba fui sia fire fuise fia
2S es fibas fuisti sias fires fueses fi
3S est fibath fuith siath fireth fueseth fiath
1P sumus fibamus fuimus siamus firemus fuesemus fiamus
2P sukhis fibakhis fuistis siakhis firekhis fuesekhis fiathe
3P sund fiband fuerund siand firend fuesend fiant

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Time

Months in Cathardic
English Cathardic
January jangwalju
February febralju
March malchu
April aprí
May manju
June junju
July lunju
August austu
September setembre
October otombre
November nobembre
December dekhembre
Days in Cathardic
English Cathardic
Sunday difilma
Monday disekhuna
Tuesday dithelcha
Wednesday dikhwalta
Thursday dikhwinda
Friday disesta
Saturday disápathi

Example texts

Other resources

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Cathardic&oldid=296269"