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| '''J j''' || je || [jeː]
| '''J j''' || je || [jeː]
|-
|-
| '''K k''' || ka || [kaː]
| '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː]
|-
|-
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
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| '''O o''' || o || [oː]
| '''O o''' || o || [oː]
|-
|-
| '''P p''' || pe || [peː]
| '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː]
|-
|-
| '''Q q''' || ku || [kyː]
| '''Q q''' || ku || [kʰyː]
|-
|-
| '''R r''' || er || [ɛɾ]
| '''R r''' || er || [ɛɾ]
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| '''S s''' || es || [ɛs]
| '''S s''' || es || [ɛs]
|-
|-
| '''T t''' || te || [teː]
| '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː]
|-
|-
| '''U u''' || u || [yː]
| '''U u''' || u || [yː]
Line 471: Line 471:
| '''X x''' || iks || [ɪks]
| '''X x''' || iks || [ɪks]
|-
|-
| '''Y y''' || Griekeise i || [gɾiːˈkɛɪsə iː]
| '''Y y''' || Griekeise i || [gɾiːˈkʰɛɪsə iː]
|-
|-
| ('''IJ ij''') || longe i || [ˈlɔŋə iː]
| ('''IJ ij''') || longe i || [ˈlɔŋə iː]
|-
|-
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛt]
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
|}
|}
|}
|}
Line 507: Line 507:
===Articles===
===Articles===
Precede the noun they modify.
Precede the noun they modify.
*'''Definite article:''' ''le''
*'''Definite article:''' ''le'' (singular), ''les'' (plural)
*'''Indefinite article:''' ''un''
*'''Indefinite article:''' ''un'' (singular)
 
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! colspan="2" | Subject !! colspan="2" | Object !! colspan="3" |Possessive
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! colspan="2" | Subject !! colspan="2" | Object !! colspan="3" |Possessive
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| wous || wes || wous || wes || wos || wes || wosse
| woes || wes || wous || wes || woester || wes || woestere
|-
|-
! 2S (arch.)
! 2S (arch.)
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|-
|-
! 3SN
! 3SN
| lot || et || lot || let
| lou || le || lou || et
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
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|-
|-
! 2S/P (pol.)
! 2S/P (pol.)
| os || es || os || es || oster || es || ostere
| os || es || os || es || os || es || osse
|-
|-
! 3R
! 3R
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| mil || milliesem || milliesem
| mil || milliesem || milliesem
|-
|-
! 10^6
! 10⁶
| miljoun || miljouniesem || miljouniesem
| miljoun || miljouniesem || miljouniesem
|}
===Verbs===
====Principal parts====
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from four principal parts: the infinitive, 1S present, 1S past, and past participle.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
====Verb classes====
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
In regular verbs, the present stem, past stem, and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive.
There are 3 classes of regular verbs.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak verbs
! Class !! Infinitive ending !! 1S present ending !! 1S past ending !! Past participle
|-
! 1
| -aar || - || -aai || -aat
|-
! 2a (infix)
| -ijr || -is || -ij || -ijt
|-
! 2b (no infix)
| -ijr || - || -ij || -ijt
|-
! 3
| -er || - || -ui || -(e)t
|-
|}
*The schwa in ''-(e)t'' is inserted after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
Irregular verbs form one or more of the stems irregularly.
*'''Present stem:''' When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion.
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.
====Personal endings====
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Personal endings
! Person/number !! Ending
|-
! 1S
| -(i)
|-
! 2S
| -(e)s
|-
! 3S
| -(e)t
|-
! 1P
| -(e)ns
|-
! 2P
| -(e)ts
|-
! 3P
| -(e)n
|-
|}
'''Note:'''
¹ Schwa ''-(e)-'' may be inserted before personal endings in the present tense depending on phonetics but never after vowels.
*In ''-(e)s'': Schwa is kept after ''-s-'', ''-z-'', ''-sj-'', ''-zj-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)t'': Schwa is kept after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)n'', ''-(e)ns'', and ''-(e)ts'': Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.
<!--It does not appear in the past tense since the past stem always ends in a vowel. -->Conversely, ''-i'' in the first person only appears after vowels<!-- (and therefore always appears in the past tense)-->.
====Examples of verbs====
'''Class 1 regular - ''kantaar'' "to sing"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kantaar'' "to sing"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kantaar
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kantaant
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| kantaat
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| kant || kante || kantaai || kantase ||
|-
! tu
| kants || kantes || kantaas || kantases || kant
|-
! el/elle/lou
| kantet || kantet || kantaat || kantaset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| kantens || kantens || kantaans || kantasens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| kantets || kantets || kantaats || kantasets || kantets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| kanten || kanten || kantaan || kantasen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 2a regular - ''perijr'' "to perish"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''perijr'' "to perish"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| perijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| perissent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| perijt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| peris || perisse || perij || perise ||
|-
! tu
| perisses || perisses || perijs || perises || peris
|-
! el/elle/lou
| perist || perisset || perijt || periset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| perissens || perissens || perijns || perisens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| perissets || perissets || perijts || perisets || perissets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| perissen || perissen || perijn || perisen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 2b regular - ''doermijr'' "to sleep"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''doermijr'' "to sleep"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| doermijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| doerment
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| doermijt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| doerm || doerme || doermij || doermise ||
|-
! tu
| doerms || doermes || doermijs || doermises || doerm
|-
! el/elle/lou
| doermt || doermet || doermijt || doermiset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| doermens || doermens || doermijns || doermisens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| doermets || doermets || doermijts || doermisets || doermets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| doermen || doermen || doermijn || doermisen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 3 regular - ''weinder'' "to sell"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''weinder'' "to sell"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| weinder
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| weindent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| weindet
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| weind || weinde || weindui || weinduse ||
|-
! tu
| weinds || weindes || weinduus || weinduses || weind
|-
! el/elle/lou
| weindt || weindet || weinduust || weinduset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| weindens || weindens || weinduuns || weindusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| weindets || weindets || weinduuts || weindusets || weindets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| weinden || weinden || weinduun || weindusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular - ''dijr'' "to say"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''dijr'' "to say"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| dijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| disent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| dit
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| dijs || dise || disui || disuse ||
|-
! tu
| dises || dises || disuus || disuses || dij
|-
! el/elle/lou
| dijst || diset || disuust || disuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| disens || disens || disuuns || disusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| disets || disets || disuuts || disusets || disets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| disen || disen || disuun || disusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular - ''ester'' "to be"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''ester'' "to be"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| ester
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| estent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| estet
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| zui || zeie || fui || fuse ||
|-
! tu
| es || zeies || fuus || fuses || zei
|-
! el/elle/lou
| est || zeiet || fuut || fuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| zons || zeiens || fuuns || fusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| ests || zeiets || fuuts || fusets || zeits
|-
! els/elzeuts
| zon || zeien || fuun || fusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular: ''hawer'' "to have"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''hawer'' "to have"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| hawer
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| hawent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| haawt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| haai || hawe || hawui || hawuse ||
|-
! tu
| haas || hawes || hawuus || hawuses || haaw
|-
! el/elle/lou
| haat || hawet || hawuut || hawuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| hawens || hawens || hawuuns || hawusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| hawets || hawets || hawuuts || hawusets || hawets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| hawen || hawen || hawuun || hawusen ||
|-
|}
|}


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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
<!--===Days of the week===
<!--===Days of the week===
*luundij
-->
*marsdij
===Time - ''Tiens''===
*mierkedij
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
*joesdij
|+ Seasons - ''Seisouns''
*wienersdij
! English !! Twench
*zamdij
|-
*diemenk-->
| spring || prijntiens
|-
| summer || estaat
|-
| fall || kollecht
|-
| winter || iwiern
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Gregorianeise meises''
! English !! Twench
|-
| January || janweir
|-
| February || fewreir
|-
| March || mars
|-
| April || awrijl
|-
| May || maai
|-
| June || juin
|-
| July || juil
|-
| August || awost
|-
| September || zettember
|-
| October || ochtober
|-
| November || noewember
|-
| December || diesember
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Joorns de le semaan''
! English !! Twench
|-
| Sunday || diemenk
|-
| Monday || luundij
|-
| Tuesday || marsdij
|-
| Wednesday || mierkedij
|-
| Thursday || joesdij
|-
| Friday || wienersij
|-
| Saturday || zamdij
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Paarts de le joorn''
! English !! Twench
|-
| day || joorn
|-
| dawn || alb
|-
| morning || mattijn
|-
| noon || middij
|-
| afternoon || apresmiddij
|-
| evening || seir
|-
| dusk || wesper
|-
| night || nocht
|-
| midnight || midnocht
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Unitaats de tiens''
! English !! Twench
|-
| second || zekond
|-
| minute || minuut
|-
| hour || our
|-
| day || joorn
|-
| week || semmaan
|-
| month || meis
|-
| season || seisoun
|-
| year || an
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Adverbs de tiens''
! English !! Twench
|-
| now || ghoor
|-
| then || loors
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly || alzij
|-
| later ||
|-
| always || zempers
|-
| often || zowent
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never || jameis
|-
| ever ||
|-
| still, yet || ankoor
|-
| already ||
|-
| today || ooi
|-
| tonight ||
|-
| yesterday || ɡheer
|-
| last night ||
|-
| tomorrow || demaan
|-
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week ||
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
|}
 
===Colours - ''Les klours''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Les klours''
! English !! Twench
|-
| white || blank(e)
|-
| grey || grijs, grize
|-
| black || negher(e)
|-
| red || roei(e); ros(se)
|-
| orange || oranje
|-
| brown || bruun, brune
|-
| yellow || galen(e)
|-
| green || weerd(e)
|-
| blue || blaaw, blawe
|-
| pink || roze
|-
| purple || porper(e)
|-
| golden || deuraat, deurate
|-
|}
 
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Toots humaan esters nassen liwer et ekwaal en deintaat et drechts. Els zon dotaat de reisoun et konsense, et els dewen aghijr les uuns woek les alters en un spirit de fraartaat.
'''IPA:''' /tots ɦyˈman ˈɛstərs ˈnɑsən ˈlivər ət eˈkval ən dɛɪnˈtat ət drɛxts ‖ ɛls zɔn doˈtat də rɛɪˈsun ət kɔnˈsɛnsə | ət ɛls ˈdevən aˈɣiːr ləs yns vuk ləs ˈɑltərs ən ʏn ˈspirɪt də fraːrˈtat/
'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act to one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Twench/Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
==Endnotes==
==Endnotes==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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