• The account request system seems to be hiding some requests. Join the Linguifex Discord server for support if you haven't been granted access after more than 24 hours. Be sure to check your spam folder! • The request form is only for screening out spambots. No need to share private info, just some conlanging experience to prove you're not a bot! • Donations for Linguifex upkeep can be given at Liberapay. Thank you! |
Cathardic: Difference between revisions
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
Line 917: | Line 917: | ||
| rarely || | | rarely || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| never || | | never || unkwa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ever || | | ever || unkwa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| still, yet || | | still, yet || ja | ||
|- | |- | ||
| already || | | already || ja | ||
|- | |- | ||
| today || oje | | today || oje | ||
Line 929: | Line 929: | ||
| tonight || | | tonight || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yesterday || | | yesterday || jeri | ||
|- | |- | ||
| last night || | | last night || |
Revision as of 15:23, 28 February 2023
Cathardic (native: kathárdikhu /kaˈθaɾdixu/) is an African Romance language.
Cathardic | |
---|---|
sa lingwa sa kathárdikha | |
Pronunciation | [sa ˈliŋgwa sa kaˈθaɾdixa] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Introduction
Kathárdikhu comes from a hypothetical Latin *Carthaginicus from Carthagō "Carthage" + -icus "-ic".
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are pluralized by adding -s. If the noun ends in a consonant, an epenthetic -e- is inserted before the plural ending.
If the singular ends in a high vowel (-u or -i), it is changed to its mid counterpart (-o- or -e- respectively) before adding the plural ending.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the nouns they govern in gender, number, and definiteness.
Adjectives are pluralized in the same way as nouns.
Articles
Nouns and adjectives take the definite article: su (m. sg.), sa (f. sg.), sos (m. pl.), sas (f. pl.)
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Clitic | Full | Clitic | |
Subject | meu | e | nos | |
Direct object | mi | me | nos | |
Indirect object | mi | mi | nos | |
Possessive | meyu, -a | me | nostru, -a | nos |
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Clitic | Full | Clitic | |
Subject | teu | tu | gos | |
Direct object | ti | te | gos | |
Indirect object | ti | ti | gos | |
Possessive | tu, tua | te | gostru, -a | gos |
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Clitic | Full | Clitic | |
Subject | isu | su | isos | sos |
Direct object | isu | su | isos | sos |
Indirect object | sui | si | isos | sos |
Possessive | su, sua | su | isoru, -a | sor |
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Clitic | Full | Clitic | |
Subject | isa | sa | isas | sas |
Direct object | isa | sa | isas | sas |
Indirect object | sei | si | isas | sas |
Possessive | su, sua | su | isaru, -a | sar |
Full | Clitic | |
---|---|---|
Subject | — | |
Direct object | si | se |
Indirect object | si | si |
Possessive | su, sua | se |
Numbers
Cardinal | Ordinal | |
---|---|---|
0 | nulu | nulísimu |
1 | u, ua | filmu, -a |
2 | duos, duas | sekhunu, -a |
3 | thres | thelchu, -a |
4 | kwator | kwaltu, -a |
5 | kingwe | kwindu, -a |
6 | ses | sestu, -a |
7 | sete | sétimu, -a |
8 | oto | otabu, -a |
9 | nobe | nobeyu, -a |
10 | dekhe | dékhimu, -a |
11 | únekhi | unékhimu, -a |
12 | dódekhi | dodékhimu, -a |
13 | thrédekhi | thredékhimu, -a |
14 | kwatórdekhi | kwatordékhimu, -a |
15 | kwínekhi | kwinékhimu, -a |
16 | sédekhi | sedékhimu, -a |
17 | dekhesete | dekhesétimu, -a |
18 | dekhoto | dekhotabu, -a |
19 | dekhenobe | dekhenobeyu, -a |
20 | gwindi | gwísimu, -a |
21 | u eth gwindi | u eth gwísimu, -a |
30 | thrinda | thrísimu, -a |
40 | kwaranda | kwarásimu, -a |
50 | kingwanda | kingwásimu, -a |
60 | sesanda | sesásimu, -a |
70 | setanda | setásimu, -a |
80 | otanda | otásimu, -a |
90 | nobanda | nobásimu, -a |
100 | kendu | kendísimu, -a |
101 | kendu u | kendu filmu, -a |
200 | dukhendos | dukhendísimu, -a |
300 | threkhendos | threkhendísimu, -a |
400 | kwatorkendos | kwatorkendísimu, -a |
500 | kwingendos | kwingendísimu, -a |
600 | seskendos | seskendísimu, -a |
700 | setekhendos | setekhendísimu, -a |
800 | otokhendos | otokhendísimu, -a |
900 | nobekhendos | nobekhendísimu, -a |
1000 | mile | milísimu, -a |
2000 | dumiles | dumilísimu, -a |
Verbs
Tenses and Non-finite forms
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive
- Gerund
- Participle
- Indicative
- Present
- Imperfect
- Preterite
- Archaic; normally replaced with the perfect
- Perfect
- Present of aire "to have" + participle
- Pluperfect
- Imperfect of aire "to have" + participle
- Future
- Present of goire "to intend" + infinitive
- Future perfect
- Present of goire + aire + participle
- Conditional
- Imperfect of goire + infinitive
- Subjunctive
- Present
- Imperfect
- Preterite
- Archaic; usually replaced with the perfect
- Perfect
- Present subjunctive of aire + participle
- Pluperfect
- Imperfect subjunctive of aire + participle
- Future
- Present subjunctive of goire "to intend" + infinitive
- Future perfect
- Present subjunctive of goire + aire + participle
- Imperative
-are verbs
Infinitive | -are | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | -ande | ||||||
Participle | -athu, -atha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite¹ | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | -o | -aba | -ái | -e | -are | -ase | -e |
2S | -as | -abas | -aisti | -es | -ares | -ases | -a |
3S | -ath | -abath | -áith | -eth | -areth | -aseth | -eth |
1P | -amus | -abamus | -aimus | -emus | -aremus | -asemus | -emus |
2P | -akhis | -abakhis | -aistis | -ekhis | -arekhis | -asekhis | -athe |
3P | -and | -aband | -arund | -end | -arend | -asend | -end |
Notes:
¹ Verbs with an irregular preterite indicative stem take the irregular -ere/-ire preterite indicative endings (i.e. -i, -isti, -ith, -imus, -istis, -erunt).
-ere verbs
Infinitive | -ere | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | -ende | ||||||
Participle | -uthu, -utha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present¹ | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | -o¹ | -eba | -í² | -a | -ere | -ise | -a¹ |
2S | -es | -ebas | -isti | -as | -eres | -ises | -e |
3S | -eth | -ebath | -íth² | -ath | -ereth | -iseth | -ath¹ |
1P | -emus | -ebamus | -imus | -amus | -eremus | -isemus | -amus¹ |
2P | -ekhis | -ebakhis | -istis | -akhis | -erekhis | -isekhis | -ethe |
3P | -end; -und¹ | -eband | -erund | -and | -erend | -isend | -and¹ |
Notes:
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending -und instead of -end), the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
-ire verbs
Infinitive | -ire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | -inde | ||||||
Participle | -ithu, -itha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present¹ | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | -o¹ | -iba | -í² | -a | -ire | -ese | -a¹ |
2S | -is | -ibas | -isti | -as | -ires | -ises | -i |
3S | -ith | -ibath | -íth² | -ath | -ireth | -iseth | -ath¹ |
1P | -imus | -ibamus | -imus | -amus | -iremus | -isemus | -amus¹ |
2P | -ikhis | -ibakhis | -istis | -akhis | -irekhis | -isekhis | -ithe |
3P | -und¹ | -iband | -erund | -and | -irend | -isend | -and¹ |
Notes:
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S, the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
Important irregular verbs
fire "to be"
Infinitive | fire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | finde | ||||||
Participle | fithu, fitha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | sun | fiba | fui | sia | fire | fise | fia |
2S | es | fibas | fuisti | sias | fires | fises | fi |
3S | est | fibath | fuith | siath | fireth | fiseth | fiath |
1P | sumus | fibamus | fuimus | siamus | firemus | fisemus | fiamus |
2P | sukhis | fibakhis | fuistis | siakhis | firekhis | fisekhis | fiathe |
3P | sund | fiband | fuerund | siand | firend | fisend | fiant |
aire "to have"
Infinitive | aire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | ainde | ||||||
Participle | authu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | ajo | aiba | api | aja | aire | aise | aja |
2S | as | aibas | apisti | ajas | aires | aises | a |
3S | ath | aibath | apith | ajath | aireth | aiseth | ajath |
1P | aimus | aibamus | apimus | ajamus | airemus | aisemus | ajamus |
2P | aikhis | aibakhis | apistis | ajakhis | airekhis | aisekhis | aithe |
3P | and | aiband | aperund | ajand | airend | aisend | ajand |
goire "to intend"
Infinitive | goire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | goinde | ||||||
Participle | gouthu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | gojo | goiba | gogwi | goja | goire | goise | goja |
2S | gos | goibas | gogwisti | gojas | goires | goises | go |
3S | goth | goibath | gogwith | gojath | goireth | goiseth | gojath |
1P | goimus | goibamus | gogwimus | gojamus | goiremus | goisemus | gojamus |
2P | goithis¹ | goibakhis | gogwistis | gojakhis | goirekhis | goisekhis | goithe |
3P | gond | goiband | gogwerund | gojand | goirend | goisend | gojand |
Notes:
¹ The dissimilation of -kh- in 2P endings to -th- is regular when it is preceded by a velar with only a vowel or diphthong intervening.
dere "to have to"
Infinitive | dere | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | dende | ||||||
Participle | duthu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | dejo | deba | depi | deja | dere | dese | deja |
2S | des | debas | depisti | dejas | deres | deses | de |
3S | deth | debath | depith | dejath | dereth | deseth | dejath |
1P | demus | debamus | depimus | dejamus | deremus | desemus | dejamus |
2P | dekhis | debakhis | depistis | dejakhis | derekhis | desekhis | dethe |
3P | dend | deband | deperund | dejand | derend | desend | dejand |
stare "to stay"
Infinitive | stare | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | stande | ||||||
Participle | stathu, statha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | sto | staba | stethi | stia | stare | stase | stia |
2S | stas | stabas | stethisti | stias | stares | stases | sta |
3S | stath | stabath | stethith | stiath | stareth | staseth | stiath |
1P | stamus | stabamus | stethimus | stiamus | staremus | stasemus | stiamus |
2P | stakhis | stabakhis | stethistis | stiakhis | starekhis | stasekhis | stathe |
3P | stand | staband | stetherund | stiand | starend | stasend | stiand |
dare "to give"
Infinitive | dare | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | dande | ||||||
Participle | dathu, datha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | do | daba | dedi | dia | dare | dase | dia |
2S | das | dabas | dedisti | dias | dares | dases | da |
3S | dath | dabath | dedith | diath | dareth | daseth | diath |
1P | damus | dabamus | dedimus | diamus | daremus | dasemus | diamus |
2P | dakhis | dabakhis | dedistis | diakhis | darekhis | dasekhis | dathe |
3P | dand | daband | dederund | diand | darend | dasend | diand |
fakhere "to do, make"
Infinitive | fakhere | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | fakhende | ||||||
Participle | fatu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | facho | fakheba | fekhi | facha | fakhere | fekhise | facha |
2S | fakhes | fakhebas | fekhisti | fachas | fakheres | fakhises | fakhe |
3S | fakheth | fakhebath | fekhith | fachath | fakhereth | fakhiseth | fachath |
1P | fakhemus | fakhebamus | fekhimus | fachamus | fakheremus | fakhisemus | fachamus |
2P | fakhethis¹ | fakhebakhis | fekhistis | fachakhis | fakherekhis | fakhisekhis | fakhethe |
3P | fachund | fakheband | fekherund | fachand | fakherend | fakhisend | fachand |
Notes:
¹ This dissimilation of -khis to -this is regular in all relevant 2P forms whenever the ending is immediately preceded by a velar consonant.
dikhere "to say"
Infinitive | dikhere | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | dikhende | ||||||
Participle | ditu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | dikho | dikheba | disi | dikha | dikhere | dikhise | dikha |
2S | dikhes | dikhebas | disisti | dikhas | dikheres | dikhises | dikhe |
3S | dikheth | dikhebath | disith | dikhath | dikhereth | dikhiseth | dikhath |
1P | dikhemus | dikhebamus | disimus | dikhamus | dikheremus | dikhisemus | dikhamus |
2P | dikhethis | dikhebakhis | disistis | dikhathis | dikherekhis | dikhisekhis | dikhethe |
3P | dikhend | dikheband | diserund | dikhand | dikherend | dikhisend | dikhand |
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Vocabulary
Time - Sa ora
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
Spring | gweráu |
Summer | estathe |
Fall | athunu |
Winter | iberu |
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
January | jangwalju |
February | febralju |
March | malchu |
April | afrí |
May | manju |
June | junju |
July | lunju |
August | austu |
September | setembre |
October | otombre |
November | nobembre |
December | dekhembre |
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
Sunday | difilma |
Monday | disekhuna |
Tuesday | dithelcha |
Wednesday | dikhwalta |
Thursday | dikhwinda |
Friday | disesta |
Saturday | disápathi |
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
day | di |
dawn | arora |
morning | demane |
noon | mesudí |
afternoon | merije |
evening | sera |
dusk | khelfuslu |
night | note |
midnight | mesanote |
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
second | sekhunu |
minute | minuthu |
hour | ora |
day | di |
week | setimana |
month | mese |
season | stachone |
year | anu |
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
now | adisu |
then | alora |
recently, a short time ago | |
earlier | |
soon, shortly | |
later | |
always | sémper |
often | |
sometimes | |
rarely | |
never | unkwa |
ever | unkwa |
still, yet | ja |
already | ja |
today | oje |
tonight | |
yesterday | jeri |
last night | |
tomorrow | khras |
before yesterday | |
two nights ago | |
after tomorrow | |
this week | |
last week | |
next week |
Colours - Sos kolores
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
white | albu |
grey | kirenju |
black | nigru |
red | rusu |
orange | naranju |
brown | kastanju |
yellow | kholkhu |
green | gwirdi |
blue | |
pink | |
purple | |
golden |