Proto-Tungric

Proto-Tungric is the hypothetical ancestor of the Tungric languages.

Introduction

Proto-Tungric is the result of taking an Italic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.

The Italic base of Proto-Tungric has the following features:

• Lacks merger of original /θ, xʷ, f/.
• Stress similar to Classical Latin.
• Lacks Classical Latin vowel weakenings.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

a-stems

Masculine or neuter.

	*akraz m. "field"		*juką n. "yoke"
Nominative	*akraz	*akrōz, -ōs, -ai	*juką	*jukō
Vocative	*akr
Accusative	*akrą	*akranz
Genitive	*akrī, -as	*akrǭ, -aisǭ	*jukī, -as	*jukǭ, -aisǭ
Dative	*akrōi	*akraiz, -abiz	*jukōi	*jukaiz, -abiz
Instrumental	*akrô		*jukô

ō-stems

Usually feminine (but sometimes masculine).

	*þauþō f. "people"
Nominative	*þauþō	*þauþōz, -ōi
Vocative
Accusative	*þauþǭ	*þauþōnz
Genitive	*þauþōz	*þaudōsǭ
Dative	*þauþōi	*þauþōiz, *þaudōbiz
Instrumental	*þauþô

i-stems

May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.

	*minþiz f. "mind"		*mari n. "sea"
Nominative	*minþiz	*minþēz	*mari	*marjō
Vocative
Accusative	*minþį	*minþinz
Genitive	*minþīz	*minþijǭ	*marīz	*marjǭ
Dative	*minþī	*minþibiz	*marī	*maribiz
Instrumental	*minþî		*marî

Note: The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to Siever's law.

u-stems

May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.

	*farþuz m. "port"		*harnu n. "horn"
Nominative	*farþuz	*farþawiz	*harnu	*harnuwō
Vocative
Accusative	*farþų	*farþunz
Genitive	*farþauz	*farþuwǭ	*harnauz	*harnuwǭ
Dative	*farþawī	*farþubiz	*harnawī	*harnubiz
Instrumental	*farþû		*harnû

n-stems

Masculine or neuter.

	*gemô m. "man"		*namį n. "name"		*ankwį n. "fat, grease"
Nominative	*gemô	*gemaniz	*namį	*namnō	*ankwį	*anwinō
Vocative
Accusative	*gemanį	*gemaninz
Genitive	*gemaniz	*gemanǭ	*namniz	*namnǭ	*ankwiniz	*ankwinǭ
Dative	*gemanī	*gemambiz	*namnī	*namnibiz	*ankwinī	*ankwimbiz
Instrumental	*gemani		*namni		*ankwini

Note: Neuter nouns may be declined either as *namį or *ankwį. Generally, neuter nouns ending in *-mį follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.

ōn-stems

Masculine or feminine.

	*ahtijō f. "action"
Nominative	*ahtijô	*ahtijōniz
Vocative
Accusative	*ahtijōnį	*ahtijōninz
Genitive	*ahtijōniz	*ahtijōnǭ
Dative	*ahtijōnī	*ahtijōmbiz
Instrumental	*ahtijōni

r-stems

Masculine or feminine

	*mōþēr f. "mother"		*hanþōr m. "singer"
Nominative	*mōþēr	*mōþriz	*hanþōr	*hanþriz
Vocative
Accusative	*mōþrį	*mōþrinz	*hanþrį	*hanþrinz
Genitive	*mōþriz	*mōþrǭ	*hanþriz	*hanþrǭ
Dative	*mōþrī	*mōþribiz	*hanþrī	*hanþribiz
Instrumental	*mōþri		*hanþri

z-stems

	*amōz m. "love"		*þimfaz n. "time"
Nominative	*amōz	*amaziz	*þimfaz	*þimfizō
Vocative
Accusative	*amazį	*amazinz
Genitive	*amaziz	*amazǭ	*þimfiziz	*þimfizǭ
Dative	*amazī	*amazibiz	*þimfizī	*þimfizibiz
Instrumental	*amazi		*þimfizi

r/n-stems

	*jehar n. "liver"
Nominative	*jehar	*jihinō
Vocative
Accusative
Genitive	*jihiniz	*jihinǭ
Dative	*jihinī	*jihinibiz
Instrumental	*jihini

Consonant stems

	*fess m. "foot"		*hafud n. "head"
Nominative	*fess	*fiþiz	*hafud	*hafudō
Vocative
Accusative	*fiþį	*fiþinz
Genitive	*fiþiz	*feþǭ	*hafudiz	*hafudǭ
Dative	*fiþī	*fiþibiz	*hafudī	*hafudibiz
Instrumental	*fiþi		*hafudi

Note: The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular is *-s (which often leads to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there is usually no suffix. However, there are many nouns that are irregular in these forms.

Pronouns

First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns

	First person		Second person		Reflexive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*ekō, *ikō	*nōs, *nōz	*þū	*wōs, *wōz	—
Accusative	*mē		*þē		*sē
Genitive	*mīz	*nasterą	*þīz	*wasterą	*sīz
Dative	*migī	*nōbī	*þibī	*wōbī	*sibī
Instrumental	*met, *mit		*þet, *þit		*set, *sit
Possessive adj.	mijaz	nasteraz	þawaz	wasteraz	sawaz

Notes:

1. When two forms are given, the first is stressed and the second is unstressed.
2. Possessive adjectives are always strong.

3rd person pronoun

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*iz	*ijōz, *ijōs, *ijai	*ijō	*ijōz, *ijōi	*it	*ijō
Accusative	*į	*ijanz	*ijǭ	*ijōnz
Genitive	*es, *izjas	*ijōsą, *izjōsą	*ijōz, *izjōz	*ijōsą, *izjōsą	*es, *izjas	*ijōsą, *izjōsą
Dative	*immai	*ijaiz, ijabiz	*ijōz	*ijōiz, *ijōbiz	*immai	*ijaiz, ijabiz
Instrumental	*ijô		*ijô		*ijô

Neuter demonstrative pronoun

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sa, *saz	*sōz, *sōs, *sai	*sō	*sōz, *sōi	*sat	*sō
Accusative	*są	*sanz	*sǭ	*sōnz
Genitive	*sas, *sazjas	*sōsą, *sazjōsą	*sōz, *sazjōs	*sōsą, *sazjōsą	*sas, *sazjas	*sōsą, *sazjōsą
Dative	*sammai	*saiz, sabiz	*sōz	*sōiz, *sōbiz	*sammai	*saiz, sabiz
Instrumental	*sô		*sô		*sô

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*iza, *izaz, *izaz	*izōz, *izōs, *izai	*izō	*izōz, *izōi	*izat	*izō
Accusative	*izą	*izanz	*izǭ	*izōnz
Genitive	*izas, *izazjas	*izōsą, *izazjōsą	*izōz, *izazjōs	*izōsą, *izazjōsą	*izas, *izazjas	*izōsą, *izazjōsą
Dative	*izammai	*izaiz, izabiz	*izōz	*izōiz, *izōbiz	*izammai	*izaiz, izabiz
Instrumental	*izô		*izô		*izô