Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions
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| Line 609: | Line 609: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| * | | *safsan | ||
| *safsanz | | *safsanz | ||
| *safsǭ | | *safsǭ | ||
| Line 694: | Line 694: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| * | | *san | ||
| *sanz | | *sanz | ||
| *sǭ | | *sǭ | ||
| Line 709: | Line 709: | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *sammai | | *sammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *sabiz | ||
| *sōz | | *sōz | ||
| rowspan="2"| *sōbiz | | rowspan="2"| *sōbiz | ||
| *sammai | | *sammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *sabiz | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| Line 736: | Line 736: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| * | | *izan | ||
| *izanz | | *izanz | ||
| *izǭ | | *izǭ | ||
| Line 751: | Line 751: | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *izammai | | *izammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *izabiz | ||
| *izōz | | *izōz | ||
| rowspan="2"| *izōbiz | | rowspan="2"| *izōbiz | ||
| *izammai | | *izammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *izabiz | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| Line 780: | Line 780: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| * | | *istan | ||
| *istanz | | *istanz | ||
| *istǭ | | *istǭ | ||
| Line 795: | Line 795: | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *istammai | | *istammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *istabiz | ||
| *istōz | | *istōz | ||
| rowspan="2"| *istōbiz | | rowspan="2"| *istōbiz | ||
| *istammai | | *istammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *istabiz | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| Line 822: | Line 822: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| * | | *gehan | ||
| *gehanz | | *gehanz | ||
| *gehǭ | | *gehǭ | ||
| Line 837: | Line 837: | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *gehammai | | *gehammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *gehabiz | ||
| *gehōz | | *gehōz | ||
| rowspan="2"| *gehōbiz | | rowspan="2"| *gehōbiz | ||
| *gehammai | | *gehammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *gehabiz | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| Line 865: | Line 865: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| * | | *allan | ||
| *allanz | | *allanz | ||
| *allǭ | | *allǭ | ||
| Line 880: | Line 880: | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *allammai | | *allammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *allabiz | ||
| *allōz | | *allōz | ||
| rowspan="2"| *allōbiz | | rowspan="2"| *allōbiz | ||
| *allammai | | *allammai | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *allabiz | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
Revision as of 03:50, 18 March 2023
Proto-Tungric is the hypothetical ancestor of the Tungric languages.
Introduction
Proto-Tungric is the result of taking an Italic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.
The Italic base of Proto-Tungric has the following features:
- Lacks merger of original /θ, xʷ, f/.
- Stress similar to Classical Latin.
- Lacks Classical Latin vowel weakenings.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
a-stems
Masculine or neuter.
| *akraz m. "field" | *juką n. "yoke" | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *akraz | *akrōz, -ōs | *juką | *jukō |
| Vocative | *akr | |||
| Accusative | *akrą | *akranz | ||
| Genitive | *akrī, -as | *akrǭ | *jukī, -as | *jukǭ |
| Dative | *akrōi | *akraiz | *jukōi | *jukaiz |
| Instrumental | *akrô | *jukô | ||
ō-stems
Usually feminine (but sometimes masculine).
| *þauþō f. "people" | ||
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *þauþō | *þauþōz |
| Vocative | ||
| Accusative | *þauþǭ | *þauþōnz |
| Genitive | *þauþōz | *þaudōsą |
| Dative | *þauþōi | *þauþōbiz |
| Instrumental | *þauþô | |
i-stems
May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.
| *minþiz f. "mind" | *mari n. "sea" | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *minþiz | *minþēz | *mari | *marjō |
| Vocative | ||||
| Accusative | *minþį | *minþinz | ||
| Genitive | *minþīz | *minþijǭ | *marīz | *marjǭ |
| Dative | *minþī | *minþibiz | *marī | *maribiz |
| Instrumental | *minþî | *marî | ||
Note: The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to Siever's law.
u-stems
May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.
| *farþuz m. "port" | *harnu n. "horn" | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *farþuz | *farþawiz | *harnu | *harnuwō |
| Vocative | ||||
| Accusative | *farþų | *farþunz | ||
| Genitive | *farþauz | *farþuwǭ | *harnauz | *harnuwǭ |
| Dative | *farþawī | *farþubiz | *harnawī | *harnubiz |
| Instrumental | *farþû | *harnû | ||
n-stems
Masculine or neuter.
| *gemô m. "man" | *namį n. "name" | *ankwį n. "fat, grease" | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *gemô | *gemaniz | *namį | *namnō | *ankwį | *anwinō |
| Vocative | ||||||
| Accusative | *gemanį | *gemaninz | ||||
| Genitive | *gemaniz | *gemanǭ | *namniz | *namnǭ | *ankwiniz | *ankwinǭ |
| Dative | *gemanī | *gemambiz | *namnī | *namnibiz | *ankwinī | *ankwimbiz |
| Instrumental | *gemani | *namni | *ankwini | |||
Note: Neuter nouns may be declined either as *namį or *ankwį. Generally, neuter nouns ending in *-mį follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.
ōn-stems
Masculine or feminine.
| *ahtijō f. "action" | ||
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ahtijô | *ahtijōniz |
| Vocative | ||
| Accusative | *ahtijōnį | *ahtijōninz |
| Genitive | *ahtijōniz | *ahtijōnǭ |
| Dative | *ahtijōnī | *ahtijōmbiz |
| Instrumental | *ahtijōni | |
r-stems
Masculine or feminine
| *mōþēr f. "mother" | *hanþōr m. "singer" | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *mōþēr | *mōþriz | *hanþōr | *hanþriz |
| Vocative | ||||
| Accusative | *mōþrį | *mōþrinz | *hanþrį | *hanþrinz |
| Genitive | *mōþriz | *mōþrǭ | *hanþriz | *hanþrǭ |
| Dative | *mōþrī | *mōþribiz | *hanþrī | *hanþribiz |
| Instrumental | *mōþri | *hanþri | ||
z-stems
| *amōz m. "love" | *þimfaz n. "time" | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *amōz | *amaziz | *þimfaz | *þimfizō |
| Vocative | ||||
| Accusative | *amazį | *amazinz | ||
| Genitive | *amaziz | *amazǭ | *þimfiziz | *þimfizǭ |
| Dative | *amazī | *amazibiz | *þimfizī | *þimfizibiz |
| Instrumental | *amazi | *þimfizi | ||
r/n-stems
| *jehar n. "liver" | ||
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *jehar | *jihinō |
| Vocative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Genitive | *jihiniz | *jihinǭ |
| Dative | *jihinī | *jihinibiz |
| Instrumental | *jihini | |
Consonant stems
| *fess m. "foot" | *hafud n. "head" | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *fess | *fiþiz | *hafud | *hafudō |
| Vocative | ||||
| Accusative | *fiþį | *fiþinz | ||
| Genitive | *fiþiz | *feþǭ | *hafudiz | *hafudǭ |
| Dative | *fiþī | *fiþibiz | *hafudī | *hafudibiz |
| Instrumental | *fiþi | *hafudi | ||
Note: The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular is *-s (which often leads to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there is usually no suffix. However, there are many nouns that are irregular in these forms.
Adjectives
An adjective can be strong or weak. The class of an adjective is determined by its strong conjugation. The weak conjugation is originally from a combination of the adjective with a following emphatic particle (akin to Latin enim) that was reanalyzed as an n-stem ending.
a/ō-stem adjectives
| *twenaz "good" | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong | ||||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *twenaz | *twenai | *twenō | *twenōi | *twenat | *twenō |
| Accusative | *tweną | *twenanz | *twenǭ | *twenōnz | ||
| Genitive | *twenas | *twenōsą, *twenazjōsą | *twenōz, *twenazjōz | *twenōsą, *twenazjōsą | *twenas, *twenazjas | *twenōsą, *twenazjōsą |
| Dative | *twenammai | *twenabiz | *twenōz | *twenōbiz | *twenammai | *twenabiz |
| Instrumental | *twenô | *twenô | *twenô | |||
| Weak | ||||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *twenô | *twenaniz | *twenô | *twenōniz | *twenô | *twenanō |
| Accusative | *twenanį | *twenaninz | *twenōnį | *twenōniz | ||
| Genitive | *twenaniz | *twenanǭ | *twenōniz | *twenōnǭ | *twenaniz | *twenanǭ |
| Dative | *twenanī | *twenanbiz | *twenōnī | *twenōnbiz | *twenanī | *twenanbiz |
| Instrumental | *twenani | *twenōni | *twenani | |||
i-stem adjectives
Consonant-stem adjectives
Pronouns
First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns
| First person | Second person | Reflexive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| Nominative | *ekō, *ikō | *nōs, *nōz | *þū | *wōs, *wōz | — |
| Accusative | *mē | *þē | *sē | ||
| Genitive | *mīz | *nasterą | *þīz | *wasterą | *sīz |
| Dative | *migī | *nōbiz | *þibī | *wōbiz | *sibī |
| Instrumental | *met, *mit | *þet, *þit | *set, *sit | ||
| Possessive adj. | mijaz | nasteraz | þawaz | wasteraz | sawaz |
Notes:
- When two forms are given, the first is stressed and the second is unstressed.
- Possessive adjectives are always strong.
3rd person pronoun
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *iz | *ijai | *ijō | *ijōi | *it | *ijō |
| Accusative | *in | *ijanz | *ijǭ | *ijōnz | ||
| Genitive | *izjas | *izjōsą | *izjōz | *izjōsą | *izjas | *izjōsą |
| Dative | *immai | *izjaiz, izjabiz | *izjōz | *izjōiz, *izjōbiz | *immai | *izjaiz, izjabiz |
| Instrumental | *izjô | *izjô | *izjô | |||
Reflexive/Intensive pronoun
| Strong | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *safsaz | *safsai | *safsō | *safsōi | *safsat | *safsō |
| Accusative | *safsan | *safsanz | *safsǭ | *safsōnz | ||
| Genitive | *safsas | *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą | *safsōz, *safsazjōz | *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą | *safsas, *safsazjas | *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą |
| Dative | *safsammai | *safsabiz | *safsōz | *safsōbiz | *safsammai | *safsabiz |
| Instrumental | *safsô | *safsô | *safsô | |||
| Weak | ||||||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *safsô | *safsaniz | *safsô | *safsōniz | *safsô | *safsanō |
| Accusative | *safsanį | *safsaninz | *safsōnį | *safsōniz | ||
| Genitive | *safsaniz | *safsanǭ | *safsōniz | *safsōnǭ | *safsaniz | *safsanǭ |
| Dative | *safsanī | *safsanbiz | *safsōnī | *safsōnbiz | *safsanī | *safsanbiz |
| Instrumental | *safsani | *safsōni | *safsani | |||
Neutral demonstrative
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *saz | *sai | *sō | *sōi | *sat | *sō |
| Accusative | *san | *sanz | *sǭ | *sōnz | ||
| Genitive | *sas | *sōsą, *sazjōsą | *sōz, *sazjōz | *sōsą, *sazjōsą | *sas, *sazjas | *sōsą, *sazjōsą |
| Dative | *sammai | *sabiz | *sōz | *sōbiz | *sammai | *sabiz |
| Instrumental | *sô | *sô | *sô | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *izaz | *izai | *izō | *izōi | *izat | *izō |
| Accusative | *izan | *izanz | *izǭ | *izōnz | ||
| Genitive | *izas, *izazjas | *izōsą, *izazjōsą | *izōz, *izazjōz | *izōsą, *izazjōsą | *izas, *izazjas | *izōsą, *izazjōsą |
| Dative | *izammai | *izabiz | *izōz | *izōbiz | *izammai | *izabiz |
| Instrumental | *izô | *izô | *izô | |||
Near demonstrative
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *istaz | *istai | *istō | *istōi | *istat | *istō |
| Accusative | *istan | *istanz | *istǭ | *istōnz | ||
| Genitive | *istas | *istōsą, *istazjōsą | *istōz, *istazjōz | *istōsą, *istazjōsą | *istas, *istazjas | *istōsą, *istazjōsą |
| Dative | *istammai | *istabiz | *istōz | *istōbiz | *istammai | *istabiz |
| Instrumental | *istô | *istô | *istô | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *gehaz | *gehai | *gehō | *gehōi | *gehat | *gehō |
| Accusative | *gehan | *gehanz | *gehǭ | *gehōnz | ||
| Genitive | *gehas | *gehōsą, *gehazjōsą | *gehōz, *gehazjōz | *gehōsą, *gehazjōsą | *gehas, *gehazjas | *gehōsą, *gehazjōsą |
| Dative | *gehammai | *gehabiz | *gehōz | *gehōbiz | *gehammai | *gehabiz |
| Instrumental | *gehô | *gehô | *gehô | |||
Far demonstrative
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *allaz | *allai | *allō | *allōi | *allat | *allō |
| Accusative | *allan | *allanz | *allǭ | *allōnz | ||
| Genitive | *allas | *allōsą, *allazjōsą | *allōz, *allazjōz | *allōsą, *allazjōsą | *allas, *allazjas | *allōsą, *allazjōsą |
| Dative | *allammai | *allabiz | *allōz | *allōbiz | *allammai | *allabiz |
| Instrumental | *allô | *allô | *allô | |||