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Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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(→Verbs) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
Strong verbs are characterized by a past stem different from the present stem that takes the following personal endings in the indicative: | |||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P | |||
|- | |||
| -ai || -istai || -id || -amaz || -istiz || -ēri | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The past stem is also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel ''-i-'' (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of ''ij''-presents). | |||
'''Example: *''hanizi'' "to sing"''' | '''Example: *''hanizi'' "to sing"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
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| *han'''ār''' | | *han'''ār''' | ||
| *hegan'''ai''' | | *hegan'''ai''' | ||
| *hegan''' | | *hegan'''izǭ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S | ||
| Line 1,203: | Line 1,212: | ||
| *han'''āzar''' | | *han'''āzar''' | ||
| *hegan'''istai''' | | *hegan'''istai''' | ||
| *hegan''' | | *hegan'''izēz''' | ||
| *han | | *han | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,212: | Line 1,221: | ||
| *han'''ādar''' | | *han'''ādar''' | ||
| *hegan'''id''' | | *hegan'''id''' | ||
| *hegan''' | | *hegan'''izēd''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| Line 1,220: | Line 1,229: | ||
| rowspan="3"| *han'''āminai''' | | rowspan="3"| *han'''āminai''' | ||
| *hegan'''amaz''' | | *hegan'''amaz''' | ||
| *hegan''' | | *hegan'''izēmaz''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| Line 1,226: | Line 1,235: | ||
| *han'''ādiz''' | | *han'''ādiz''' | ||
| *hegan'''istiz''' | | *hegan'''istiz''' | ||
| *hegan''' | | *hegan'''izēþiz''' | ||
| *han'''id''' | | *han'''id''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,233: | Line 1,242: | ||
| *han'''ānd''' | | *han'''ānd''' | ||
| *hegan'''ēri''' | | *hegan'''ēri''' | ||
| *hegan''' | | *hegan'''izēnd''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| *dah'''jār''' | | *dah'''jār''' | ||
| *dēh'''ai''' | | *dēh'''ai''' | ||
| *dēh''' | | *dēh'''izǭ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S | ||
| Line 1,269: | Line 1,278: | ||
| *dag'''jāzar''' | | *dag'''jāzar''' | ||
| *dēg'''istai''' | | *dēg'''istai''' | ||
| *dēh''' | | *dēh'''izēz''' | ||
| *dah | | *dah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,278: | Line 1,287: | ||
| *dag'''jādar''' | | *dag'''jādar''' | ||
| *dēh'''id''' | | *dēh'''id''' | ||
| *dēh''' | | *dēh'''izēd''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| Line 1,286: | Line 1,295: | ||
| rowspan="3"| *dag'''jāminai''' | | rowspan="3"| *dag'''jāminai''' | ||
| *dēh'''amaz''' | | *dēh'''amaz''' | ||
| *dēg''' | | *dēg'''izēmaz''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| Line 1,292: | Line 1,301: | ||
| *dag'''jādiz''' | | *dag'''jādiz''' | ||
| *dēg'''istiz''' | | *dēg'''istiz''' | ||
| *dēg''' | | *dēg'''izēþiz''' | ||
| *dah'''id''' | | *dah'''id''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,299: | Line 1,308: | ||
| *dah'''jānd''' | | *dah'''jānd''' | ||
| *dag'''jēri''' | | *dag'''jēri''' | ||
| *dag''' | | *dag'''izēnd''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,326: | Line 1,335: | ||
| *barh'''ijār''' | | *barh'''ijār''' | ||
| *bebarh'''ai''' | | *bebarh'''ai''' | ||
| *bebarg''' | | *bebarg'''īsǭ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S | ||
| Line 1,334: | Line 1,343: | ||
| *barg'''ijāzar''' | | *barg'''ijāzar''' | ||
| *bebarg'''īstai''' | | *bebarg'''īstai''' | ||
| *bebarg''' | | *bebarg'''īsēz''' | ||
| *barh | | *barh | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,343: | Line 1,352: | ||
| *barg'''ijādar''' | | *barg'''ijādar''' | ||
| *bebarh'''īd''' | | *bebarh'''īd''' | ||
| *bebarg''' | | *bebarg'''īsēd''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| Line 1,351: | Line 1,360: | ||
| rowspan="3"| *barg'''ijāminai''' | | rowspan="3"| *barg'''ijāminai''' | ||
| *bebarh'''amaz''' | | *bebarh'''amaz''' | ||
| *bebarg''' | | *bebarg'''īzēmaz''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| *barg''' | | *barg'''īþiz''' | ||
| *barg'''ijādiz''' | | *barg'''ijādiz''' | ||
| *bebarg'''īstiz''' | | *bebarg'''īstiz''' | ||
| *bebarg''' | | *bebarg'''īzēþiz''' | ||
| *barg''' | | *barg'''īþ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| Line 1,364: | Line 1,373: | ||
| *barh'''ijānd''' | | *barh'''ijānd''' | ||
| *barg'''ijēri''' | | *barg'''ijēri''' | ||
| *barg''' | | *barg'''īzēnd''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
Weak verbs do not change their stem, and they take the following endings in the past indicative: | |||
Strong verbs are characterized by a past stem different from the present stem that takes the following personal endings: | |||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P | |||
|- | |||
| -bǭ || -bōz || -bōd || -bōmaz || -bōþiz || -bōnd | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The ''-b-'' is usually preceded with a connector vowel, which depends on the weak verb class. | |||
The past subjunctive endings are also added to the present stem. A connector vowel is also used, which can be predicted from the connector vowel of the past indicative. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||