Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions

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Proto-Tungric (view source)

Revision as of 03:59, 20 March 2023

1,071 bytes added ,  20 March 2023
→‎Verbs
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by a past stem different from the present stem that takes the following personal endings in the indicative:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P
|-
| -ai || -istai || -id || -amaz || -istiz || -ēri
|-
|}
The past stem is also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel ''-i-'' (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of ''ij''-presents).
'''Example: *''hanizi'' "to sing"'''
'''Example: *''hanizi'' "to sing"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
Line 1,195: Line 1,204:
| *han'''ār'''
| *han'''ār'''
| *hegan'''ai'''
| *hegan'''ai'''
| *hegan'''izą'''
| *hegan'''izǭ'''
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
Line 1,203: Line 1,212:
| *han'''āzar'''
| *han'''āzar'''
| *hegan'''istai'''
| *hegan'''istai'''
| *hegan'''iziz'''
| *hegan'''izēz'''
| *han
| *han
|-
|-
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| *han'''ādar'''
| *han'''ādar'''
| *hegan'''id'''
| *hegan'''id'''
| *hegan'''izid'''
| *hegan'''izēd'''
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
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| rowspan="3"| *han'''āminai'''
| rowspan="3"| *han'''āminai'''
| *hegan'''amaz'''
| *hegan'''amaz'''
| *hegan'''isamaz'''
| *hegan'''izēmaz'''
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
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| *han'''ādiz'''
| *han'''ādiz'''
| *hegan'''istiz'''
| *hegan'''istiz'''
| *hegan'''isidiz'''
| *hegan'''izēþiz'''
| *han'''id'''
| *han'''id'''
|-
|-
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| *han'''ānd'''
| *han'''ānd'''
| *hegan'''ēri'''
| *hegan'''ēri'''
| *hegan'''izand'''
| *hegan'''izēnd'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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| *dah'''jār'''
| *dah'''jār'''
| *dēh'''ai'''
| *dēh'''ai'''
| *dēh'''izą'''
| *dēh'''izǭ'''
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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| *dag'''jāzar'''
| *dag'''jāzar'''
| *dēg'''istai'''
| *dēg'''istai'''
| *dēh'''iziz'''
| *dēh'''izēz'''
| *dah
| *dah
|-
|-
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| *dag'''jādar'''
| *dag'''jādar'''
| *dēh'''id'''
| *dēh'''id'''
| *dēh'''izid'''
| *dēh'''izēd'''
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
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| rowspan="3"| *dag'''jāminai'''
| rowspan="3"| *dag'''jāminai'''
| *dēh'''amaz'''
| *dēh'''amaz'''
| *dēg'''isamaz'''
| *dēg'''izēmaz'''
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
Line 1,292: Line 1,301:
| *dag'''jādiz'''
| *dag'''jādiz'''
| *dēg'''istiz'''
| *dēg'''istiz'''
| *dēg'''isidiz'''
| *dēg'''izēþiz'''
| *dah'''id'''
| *dah'''id'''
|-
|-
Line 1,299: Line 1,308:
| *dah'''jānd'''
| *dah'''jānd'''
| *dag'''jēri'''
| *dag'''jēri'''
| *dag'''izand'''
| *dag'''izēnd'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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| *barh'''ijār'''
| *barh'''ijār'''
| *bebarh'''ai'''
| *bebarh'''ai'''
| *bebarg'''īzą'''
| *bebarg'''īsǭ'''
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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| *barg'''ijāzar'''
| *barg'''ijāzar'''
| *bebarg'''īstai'''
| *bebarg'''īstai'''
| *bebarg'''īziz'''
| *bebarg'''īsēz'''
| *barh
| *barh
|-
|-
Line 1,343: Line 1,352:
| *barg'''ijādar'''
| *barg'''ijādar'''
| *bebarh'''īd'''
| *bebarh'''īd'''
| *bebarg'''īzid'''
| *bebarg'''īsēd'''
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
Line 1,351: Line 1,360:
| rowspan="3"| *barg'''ijāminai'''
| rowspan="3"| *barg'''ijāminai'''
| *bebarh'''amaz'''
| *bebarh'''amaz'''
| *bebarg'''īsamaz'''
| *bebarg'''īzēmaz'''
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
| *barg'''īdiz'''
| *barg'''īþiz'''
| *barg'''ijādiz'''
| *barg'''ijādiz'''
| *bebarg'''īstiz'''
| *bebarg'''īstiz'''
| *bebarg'''īsidiz'''
| *bebarg'''īzēþiz'''
| *barg'''īd'''
| *barg'''īþ'''
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
Line 1,364: Line 1,373:
| *barh'''ijānd'''
| *barh'''ijānd'''
| *barg'''ijēri'''
| *barg'''ijēri'''
| *barg'''īzand'''
| *barg'''īzēnd'''
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
Weak verbs do not change their stem, and they take the following endings in the past indicative:
Strong verbs are characterized by a past stem different from the present stem that takes the following personal endings:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P
|-
| -bǭ || -bōz || -bōd || -bōmaz || -bōþiz || -bōnd
|-
|}
The ''-b-'' is usually preceded with a connector vowel, which depends on the weak verb class.
The past subjunctive endings are also added to the present stem. A connector vowel is also used, which can be predicted from the connector vowel of the past indicative.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Shariifka
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