Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions

Additionally, there was a rare subclass of ''ō''-stem nouns known as ''ī/jō''-stems. These nouns take the ending ''-ī'' in the nominative singular. All other case and number combinations have the regular ''ō''-stem endings preceded by ''-(i)j-'' (according to Siever's Law).

 

May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.

May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.

Any gender. Masculine and feminine are conjugated the same.<!-- Feminine ''n''-stems are rare, since most original cases were reformed to ''ōn''-stems.-->

! !! colspan="2"| *gemô ''m.'' "man" <!--|| colspan="2"| *ahtijō ''f.'' "action" -->|| colspan="2"| *namô ''n.'' "name" || colspan="2"| *ankwô ''n.'' "fat, grease"

| rowspan="2"| *gem'''ô'''

| rowspan="3"| *nam'''ô'''

| rowspan="3"| *ankw'''ô'''

#As shown in the case of *''namô'', the expected ''-an-'' in endings may be reduced to ''-n-'' in some nouns. Alternatively, it may be replaced with ''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.-->

<!--#''*ahtijô'' is an example of a ''ijô''-type '' ''n''-stem, where expected ''-ijin-'' is contracted to ''-īn-''. Similarly, in ''jô''-type ''n''-stems, expected ''-jin-'' is contracted to ''-in-''.-->

#Some ''an''-stems have an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singulae ending).

#''an''-stems whose nominative singular end in *''-ijô'' or ''-jô'' have *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''.

! !! colspan="2"| *ahtijō ''f.'' "action"

| rowspan="2"| *ahtij'''ô'''

Masculine or feminine

 

'''Note:''' The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular is *''-s'' (which often leads to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there is usually no suffix. However, there are many nouns that are irregular in these forms.

An adjective can be strong or weak. The class of an adjective is determined by its strong conjugation. The weak conjugation is originally from a combination of the adjective with a following emphatic particle (akin to Latin ''enim'') that was reanalyzed as an ''n''-stem ending.

| *twen'''ô'''

| *twen'''ô'''

| rowspan="2"| *twen'''ô'''

These are a sub-type of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with a ''-j-'' or ''-ij-'' (according to Siever's Law) before the ending and are declined as such. However, in the weak forms, expected ''-ija-'' becomes ''-ī-'' and ''-ja-'' becomes ''-i-''.

These are declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which take the endings *''-iz'' and ''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular may take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''.

The weak forms are identical to those of ''ja/jō''-stems.

These are declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which take the endings *''-s'' and *''-'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''.

The weak forms are identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems.

#When two forms are given, the first is stressed and the second is unstressed.

#Possessive adjectives are always strong.

| *safsô

| *safsô

| rowspan="2"| *safsô

| *þriþjô

| *hwetarþô

| *hwinhtô

| *sehstô

| *siftimô

| *ahtô

| *naunô

| *tihimô

| *ainatihimô

| *twatihimô

| *þritihimô

| *hwettwōrtihimô

| *hwinhtihimô

| *sehstihimô

| *siftintihimô

| *ahtōtihimô

| *nawintijimô

| *wīginsô

| *þrīginsô

| *hwatrōginsô

| *hwinhwōginsô

| *sehsōginsô

| *seftumōginsô

| *ahtōginsô

| *naunōginsô

| *hinsô

| *smīgislidô

*''*ainaz'' "one" is declined as an ''a/ō''-stem adjective.

*''*twō'' "two" is declined as below:

*''*þrēz'' "three" is declined similarly to a plural ''i''-stem noun.

*Numbers from 4-99 are undeclined (except for two digit numbers above 20 that end in 1, 2, or 3).

*''*hinþą'' "hundred" is declined as a neuter noun.

*''*smīgillī'' "thousand" is declined as an ''ī/jō''-stem feminine noun.

*Ordinal numbers are declined as either strong or weak adjectives (as per the endings in the table). Most are weak except for 1st and 2nd.