7,081
edits
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
Line 1,201: | Line 1,201: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem different from the present stem that took the following personal endings in the indicative: | Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative: | ||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P | ! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P | ||
Line 1,208: | Line 1,208: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel ''-i-''<!-- (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of heavy ''j''-presents)-->. | The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''<!-- (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of heavy ''j''-presents)-->. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below). | ||
Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem | Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed: | ||
#'''Class 1:''' This class had a present stem vowel of ''-i-''. It had two subclasses: | #'''Class 1:''' This class had a present stem vowel of *''-i-''. It had two subclasses: | ||
#:'''a.''' The past stem | #:'''a.''' The past stem was formed by changing the stem vowel to *''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ēō'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen" | ||
#:'''b.''' The past stem | #:'''b.''' The past stem was formed by changing the stem vowel to *''-ī-'' — e.g. ''*'''winh'''ō'' "I conquer" > ''*'''wīh'''ai'' "I conquered", ''*'''wih'''taz'' "conquered" | ||
#'''Class 2:''' This class | #'''Class 2:''' This class had a present stem vowel of *''-u-'' which changed to *''-au-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''buk'''jō'' "I flee" > ''*'''bauk'''ai'' "I fled", ''*'''buk'''adaz'' "fled" | ||
#'''Class 3:''' This class | #'''Class 3:''' This class had a present stem vowel ''-a-'', ''-e-'', or ''-i-'' that becomame ''-ē-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did", ''*'''dah'''taz'' "done" | ||
#'''Class 4:''' This class | #'''Class 4:''' This class had a present stem vowel ''-a-'' that became ''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skōb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''skab'''adaz'' "scratched" | ||
#'''Class 5:''' The past stem | #'''Class 5:''' The past stem had the same stem vowel as the present stem — e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank", ''*'''fip'''adaz'' "drunk" | ||
#<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem | #<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem was derived from the present stem by adding ''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged" | ||
#'''Class 7:''' The past stem | #'''Class 7:''' The past stem was formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-''. In some verbs, there was also be a vowel change (usually ''-e/i-'' to ''-a-'') — e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hehan'''ai'' "I sang" | ||
#'''Irregular:''' The past stem | #'''Irregular:''' The past stem was formed in another way besides those above — e.g. ''*stêō'' "I stand" > ''*steþai'' "I stood" | ||
Some strong verbs | Some strong verbs had irregular presents. This affected the present tense (both indicative and subjunctive), present participle, infinitive, and imperative. There were three types of irregularities, and they could co-occur: | ||
# A ''j''-suffix. Such verbs are said to be ''j''-presents, and | # A ''j''-suffix. Such verbs are said to be ''j''-presents, and could be light or heavy. This affected the present tense suffixes in much the same way as it did in nouns and adjectives. | ||
#An nasal infix. This | #An nasal infix. This did not affect the verb's endings, but affected the present stem. Such verbs are called nasal presents. | ||
#A vowel suffix (usually ''-ō-'' or ''-ē-''). Such verbs are called ''ō''-presents or ''ē''-presents respectively. They | #A vowel suffix (usually ''-ō-'' or ''-ē-''). Such verbs are called ''ō''-presents or ''ē''-presents respectively. They conjugated similarly to class 2 or 3 weak verbs respectively in the present forms. There was also the exceptional verb ''*stêsi'' which had the suffix ''-ê-''. | ||
The past participle of strong verbs | The past participle of strong verbs was formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the environment, could become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. Some verbs had a connector vowel, while others did not. For those that did, it was usually ''-a-'' (or ''-i-'' in the case of ''j''-presents). Verbs with nasal infixes or vowel suffixes did not exhibit these in the past participle. | ||
'''Example (class 3): *''akizi'' "to do, act"''' | '''Example (class 3): *''akizi'' "to do, act"''' | ||
Line 1,632: | Line 1,632: | ||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
Weak verbs | Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they toom the following endings in the past indicative: | ||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P | ! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P | ||
Line 1,640: | Line 1,639: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The ''-b-'' | The *''-b-'' was usually preceded with a connector vowel, which depended on the weak verb class. | ||
The past subjunctive endings | The past subjunctive endings were also added to the present stem. A connector vowel was also used, which can be predicted from the connector vowel of the past indicative. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Weak verbs can be categorized into the following classes: | Weak verbs can be categorized into the following classes: | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
#'''Class 1:''' | #'''Class 1:''' | ||
#*The present stem | #*The present stem contained a ''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents. | ||
#*The past indicative | #*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''. | ||
- | - | ||
<!--Like strong verbs, weak verbs include. light and heavy ''j''-presents. However, unlike strong verbs, this ending is also included in --> | <!--Like strong verbs, weak verbs include. light and heavy ''j''-presents. However, unlike strong verbs, this ending is also included in --> | ||
====='''Class 1'''===== | ====='''Class 1'''===== | ||
Class 1 weak verbs | Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms. | ||
The past indicative | The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-(i)ja-'', while the past subjunctive and past participle had a connector vowel *''-i/ī-''. In both cases, the suffixes followed Siever's law. | ||
====='''Class 2'''===== | ====='''Class 2'''===== | ||
Class 2 weak verbs | Class 2 weak verbs had the following characteristics: | ||
*The present stem | *The present stem ended in *''-ō-'', which absorbed any following short vowels and contracted with 1S *''-ō-'' to *''-ô-''. In the present subjunctive, expected **''-ōǭ'' contracted to *''-ǫ̂'', while expected **''-ōā-'' became *''-ōē-''. | ||
*The connector vowel in the past (both indicative and subjunctive) and past participle | *The connector vowel in the past (both indicative and subjunctive) and past participle was *''-ō-'', as in the present stem. | ||
====='''Class 3'''===== | ====='''Class 3'''===== | ||
There | There were two subclasses of class 3 weak verbs. | ||
The first subclass | The first subclass was conjugated with the suffixed vowel *''-ē-'', which absorbed following short vowels (similar to the *''-ō-'' of class 2) but did not contract with long vowels. The past participle had the connector vowel *''-a-''. | ||
The second subclass | The second subclass was conjugated similarly to the first subclass but with the following exception: The present subjunctive were conjugated similarly to class 1 weak verbs (i.e. without the vowel *''-ē-'' and with a palatal suffix). The past participle had the connector vowel *''-i-''. | ||
====='''Class 4'''===== | ====='''Class 4'''===== | ||
Class 4 weak verbs | Class 4 weak verbs did not have a suffix. Their non-past conjugation followed that of non-''j''-stem strong verbs. | ||
The past indicative | The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel. | ||
====Preterite-present verbs==== | ====Preterite-present verbs==== | ||
Preterite-present verbs | Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts. | ||
For example: | For example: | ||
Line 1,690: | Line 1,689: | ||
====The verb "to be"==== | ====The verb "to be"==== | ||
The verb "to be" | The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*bu/bū-''. They can be treated as two separate verbs sharing past indicative and imperative forms. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive |
edits