Annerish

Annerish
ın beàırlet Annrach ᛬ᛂᛓᛆᛁᛧᚳᛁᛐᛅᚱᚭᚷ᛬
Pronunciation	[əmˈbjɑˑɹləˈtʰɑ̃ɯ̯̃nɾʌ̹χ]
Created by	Aireanna
Setting	The Anneries, off the west coast of Ireland
Language family	Indo-European Centum Germanic Annerish
Official status
Official language in	The Annerish Federation
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qrz

• created by Aireanna

The Annerish language (ın beàırlet Annrach / ᛂᛓᛆᛁᛧᚳᛁᛐᛅᚱᚭᚷ) is a medieval, early-split Germanic language spoken by the inhabitants of the Anneries (ın Annray / ᛂᛅᚱᛆᚢ), an archipelago emerging from the Porcupine Bank off the west coast of Ireland.

It is attested in two distinct forms, namely: Old Annerish and Middle Annerish. Only a handful of vital pagan religious texts survive in the older language, first put to manuscript in the 7th century, though possibly composed a couple of centuries earlier. Despite having been affected by a series of phonological and morphological changes that had radically altered its appearance compared to other old Germanic languages, these ancient verse and prose exhibit abundant vocabulary of Germanic stock, albeit under a prestigeous Goidelic superstratum.

By the time of the Middle period, after centuries of diglossia, the Celtic influence has made the cognate language unrecognizeable to the Norsemen, who ally with their distant cousins against the Christians of the British Isles and become integral to Annerish culture, lending doublets (mostly nominal) in the process.

Earlier, a unique substratum, likely Old European, had left its mark on the language and more specifically on the sociolect of men - the Ceccr - which is driving innovation ever since the earliest of texts. Influence from the original indigenous inhabitants of the archipelago can also be felt in the pragmatics of the different registers of speech. Despite the relentless invasions of Gaelic missionaries, an unmatched matriarchal social order and polytheistic worldview have been steadily developing in the nation for over a millennium which is reflected extensively throughout the known literature that has unfortunately declined after a brutal period of English colonisation in the 1700's.

In modern times, these rich culture and language are endangered and facing extinction in both the homeland and the diaspora in the New World.

Etymology

In English, the name "Annerish" is simply the endonym Annr, whose origin is disputed, and the suffix -ish. Similarly, the native term for "the Anneries" - ın Annray derives from a compound with Old Norse ey, translating to "the Annerish islands".

A leading native theory connects the ethnonym with the goddess Annarth, mentioned in the "Gospel of Evynn" (Lebor Ebuınne) as the matron of the Eıchenna, whose queen and chief priestess was Bóıdech. Still, many theologians consider the text itself failing to point out a connection as definitive proof against this theory. Instead, the native theonym Aınnr is regarded as the true origin of Annr.
Bernthaler (1907), the main foreign scholar on the Annerish, supports both propositions and argues that the dental ending in the dative (Aınnrte) must trace back to the former theonym, but the root itself is one and the same as *anderā ("woman").

Orthography

Latin

The Latin alphabet was introduced by the Irish Christians during the early 7th century. Another major factor in the Romanization of Anrish was the later advent of the printing press, created exclusively for Latin-based writing systems.

Ogham and runic

The Runic alphabet was reintroduced by the Viking migrants in the Middle ages.

History

From Proto-Germanic to Proto-Annerish

It is hypothesised that the Annerish people are either one and the same with, or a subgroup of the Belgae who migrated from the Gallo-Germanic confederation to southern Britain and later fled to Ireland at the wake of the Roman conquest. Many characteristic features of Brythonic and Goidelic languages are shared with the Annerish language, which had previously been regarded as Celtic. True classification has also been obscured by the crucial lack of Verner's law, along with sweeping sound changes by analogy with the mutation strategies of the dominant languages that reverse some of the effects of Grimm's law, though notably not in reflexes of *hw-, *þw-, and *tw- initials. A list of the most important changes will be given below (in approximate order):

• wu> *ū. This must have been a feature of the Proto-Germanic dialect of the Annerish people before influences from Brittonic, where *ū> ȳ, and also precedes *kw> p (*kwuruz> *kūrj-> guír, not **puír.)
• ē₂> ī (*ē₂hiraz> íochr - maple)

Monophthongization of PG diphthongs:

Diphthong	turns into:	merges with:
*ai	ǣ~ é/eà/éı	*ē1
*au, eu, ōu	ȱ~ úa/úaı	-
*iu, *ōi	ȳ~ y/uí	-

Nasal vowels merge: internally word-final

• ą, *am, *an> ã ã
• ǭ, *ô, *ǫ̂> -
• aNF, *ōm, *ōn> ā -
• iNF> ē -
• į̄> - ẽ
• uNF> ũ -
• ų, *um, *un> - ũ

Labiovelars become bilabials:

• kw> p-, -b- (*kwrammaz> *pramm~pram - damp, *nakwô> *nǫba~napa - ship); *gw> b-, -g- (*gwenþiz> *bũıḋ~bóıd - fight, *snaigwaz> *nnœ́ġ~neòg - snow); *ngw> -mb- (*slangwijō> *llaımb~laım - sling); *hw> f (*hwītaz> *fíd~fíot - white, *tēhwō> *téŭf~teòfa)

Phonology

Phonotactics

Syllable Structure: (C)(r)V(C)²
Where:

• C = Consonant
• r = /r/
• V = Vowel

1. An epenthetic short vowel must occur between /r/ and a following labial in the coda.

Morphology

Pronouns

·For the forms fused with the copula, see below.

Inflection of Annerish pronouns

Ⅰ ᴘᴇʀs.	ɴᴏᴍ.	ᴘᴏss.	ɴᴇɢ.	Ⅱ ᴘᴇʀs.	ɴᴏᴍ.	ᴘᴏss.	ɴᴇɢ.	Ⅲ ᴘᴇʀs.	ɴᴏᴍ.	ᴘᴏss.	ɴᴇɢ.
sɢ.	mé	muʟ	pé	sɢ.	thú	duʟ	tae	ꜰᴇᴍ.	í (h)ᴠ-	aʜ	tí
ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	mıse, méıse	muíse		ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	thusa, thúsa	duíse		ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	íse, híse	aíse
Qᴜᴏᴛ.	thy	suʟ	sae   / tae	ɪɴᴄʟ.	bé	suʟ [_ béɴ] / aɴ	pé	ᴍᴀsᴄ.	é, ed ᴠ-	aʟ	sae
ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	thysa	suíse		ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	béıse, bıse	suíse / bé(ıse)ɴ		ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	éta	áesa
ᴇxᴄʟ.	myr	aɴ, (n)arɴ	ré	ᴘʟ.	rıb	aɴ, (b)urɴ	sy	ᴘʟ.	néat ᴠ-	aɴ	ré
ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	muaıre	naora		ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	rıbse	bfuıre		ᴇᴍᴘʜ.	níere	aíre

IIIsg masc. becomes (s)ed before vowels, while (s)í triggers h-prosthesis, which can surface even when the pronouns are dropped after finite verb forms; níe <verb-n ía which took over and survived older variants like ḋía, íaḋ, and ían (cf.: Gaelic íat), hence this leaves eclipsis when pro-dropping and t-prosthesis before vowels; emphatic with n- (-re <genitive, in analogy with muírre) is becoming more common, while h- in IIIfem. is declining. Similarly, myr <verb-m ụ́r (extended from ụ́ when infixed pronouns became the norm;) nuor, originally nụ́r(r), a less prominent variant of nár which gives the unstressed ar; The homophonic ur (<ᴏɪḃḟọr) in colloquial speech was ambiguous and thus both were proscribed, until the -r was deleted, merging all the plural possessives. Rıb [ɹuˑ] (<-r [ṡ]iḃ, influenced by ᴏɪsịḃ and the prepositional inflextion in -ḃ which was originally -ṗ from the dual, but those collapsed and the original plural fell obsolete due to the dissolution of an early T-V distinction) in the most modern language slowly morphs into [juˑ] under pressure from English, motivated further by the incidental similarity of the possessive eoır [ˈjɤɹə]. The original T-V was very short lived and mostly aided in the merger of the IIIsg and IIsg verbal forms with its corresponding phonetically similar endings (tho also see above for prep.), however the dual inflection was maintained into something of an inclusive Ipl. This later developed into a polite pronoun for both Isg; IIsg; and Ipl. with its inclusivity still usual, but not mandatory. The independent forms hail from *bai - N: bé, béıse~bıse; P: uor~ar~aɴ/suʟ ___ bé (<béıeɴ), while the determiner meaning both is modelled after the accusative *banz> C: báʜ [bʷɑ]; G: baıde~baíɴ [bʷæjə]; D: baí(b) [bʷæi̯(v)] (this can be combined with bé to explicitly mean '[exclusively] us both' - C: bá dbé(ɴ); G: aɴ/suʟ _ baín bé; D: baí bé.) A unique quotative pronoun, referring to the oneself in others' reported speech, has developed from the variant of the IIsg: thy (E: thysa.) The rest of the forms and inflextion is normally covered by the ordinary IIsg, tho the possessive su [ᴍ~ʟ], suíse was used (probably <*sīnaz.) The possessives were borrowed/remodelled after the Celtic clitic, with the adjectives seeing limited independent pronominal use, however in late OA literature the mixed mutation effect of the influence from the inflected forms showed through: mu(n)ᴍ, du(t)ᴍ, su(s)ᴍ, a(r)ᴍ (variant spellings: mo/ma; do/da/tho/thu/tha; so/sa; e/ı.) The IIIsg possessives were in conflict with the learned Old Irish forms, where masculine and neuter cause lenition, feminine – aspiration, while the expected Germanic reflexes all cause aspiration and that is still observed in the very earliest of Old Annerish texts where singular a/e/ı causes lenition less frequently, mostly with Gaelic vocab; later this was ironed out in the masc.ʟ and fem;ᴍ>ʜ but in the neuter the choice of mutation was rather chaotic until the class' dissolution by the E.Mod. period.

Verbs

Verbal morphology is the most complex subject of Annerish grammar; despite the relative paucity of conjugated forms, categorising paradigms has proven difficult. Native scholarship, namely the Bésgnae Béırle, have used a minimal numbering system based on the present stem: in the I^st conjugation it ends with a broad consonant, in the II^nd with a slender, in the III^rd with a nasal that is dropped in the other stems, and in the IV^th there is no closing consonant. Bernthaler (1907) proposes a weak—strong classification similar to German, however, the relationship between all six crucial stems and their formation more closely resembles that of Old Irish. This article largely follows Teagan et al. (2003).

Verbal noun

Every verb is lemmatised as a verbal noun which forms the periphrastic present. Derivational strategies have varied wildly, though most verbal nouns resemble the independent form of the "present" (see below for ᴛᴍᴀ.) Verbal number can be expressed by declining some verbal nouns for number, though most are lexically fixed as either singular or collective only.

Preverb

A preverb can fuse with all stems in their dependent forms, also known as the prototonic or augmented, including the verbal noun. Valency cannot be inferred from the presence of such augmentation, however. While transitivity is formally marked by a preverb and its absence otherwise, this nearly rigid system is a relatively recent development. Simplex bivalent verbs still see use in the Middle period, especially in sacred poetry and prose. A group of frequent, semantically transitive but formally stative verbs has evoked the term deponency in academic literature, with the concession that this cannot be considered a proper category in morphological classification.

The preverb is an essential component of transitive verbs since it "conjugates" for direct object pronouns. While they appear similar to prepositions, preverbs have somewhat different forms and are lexically bound to each verb instead of carrying their individual meaning. Whenever the direct object is a definite noun, marking for its gender and/or number is optional and fairly common in later, colloquial language. Otherwise every preverb has a default form (sometimes referred to as 'deutorotonic') which is mandatory in an absolute construction. Here is an exhaustive list of preverbs and their pronominal forms in Middle Annerish:

ᴅᴇᴜᴛ.:	u (f-)	um	y(n)ɴ	ar	rı(n)ɴ	s		c	tar
1ᴘ.sɢ.	fumʟ	mumʟ	dumʟ	rumʟ	rıthemʟ		amʟ	gamʟ	-
1ᴘ.ɪɴᴄʟ.	fuch	much	duch	ruch	rıthech		ach	gach	trach
2ᴘ.sɢ.	futhʟ	muthʟ	duthʟ	ruthʟ	rıthethʟ		athʟ	gathʟ	-
2ᴘ.ᴘʟ.	fubʟ	mubʟ	dub	rub	rıtheb		ab	gab	trab
3ᴘ.ꜰᴇᴍ.sɢ.	fí	muí	dí	rí			í	gí	-
3ᴘ.ᴍᴀsᴄ.sɢ.1	fu(n)ɴ	mu(n)ɴ	du(n)ɴ	ru(n)ɴ	rıthe(n)ɴ		a(n)ɴ	ga(n)ɴ	(trann)
1ᴘ.ᴇxᴄʟ./3ᴘ.ᴘʟ.	fus	mus	dus	rus	rıthesʟ		as	gas	tras
1The full form with -n(n) is used when a 1ᴘ.ᴘʟ. referrent is qualified with a noun or relative clause; e.g.: Runn bíodas níe an oıgetha. - They fed us, their guests. Dunn báın neırs c láıbte haıs! - Bless us who pay a visit!

Aside from the verbal noun, there are four more stems to each verb, along with the imperative which takes after either the present or irrealis, if not suppletive. 4th-dimensional conjugation system consisting of an active/passive voice distinction, a 1/2/3 form-distinction, a non-past/past tense-distinction, and a subjunctive/indicative mood-distinction. Regarding the form-distinction in particular, the 3 forms correspond directly to a person-distinction, but are differentiated because of sound-changes merging archaic forms, as follows:

		Singular	Plural
1st person	in	form 1
	ex	form 1	form 3
2nd person		form 2
3rd person		form 2	form 3

Syntax

Alignment and order

The constituent order of words in any given sentence is typically verb-subject-object (VSO). It must be noted that the language is conventionally considered to be nominative-accusative in the sense that it's Centum and not ergative-absolutive. This is due to the fact that the language does not decline nouns according to aliğnment, rather thus placing the language more in the category of direct aliğnment; a situation similar to that of English.

Example texts

Main page: :Category:Annerish literature

• Ishtar spoke to her father - ?

Swadesh list

No.	English	Annerish
0	Annerish	beàırlen Annrach
1	I	mé
2	you (singular)	tú
3	he	é
4	we	myr
5	you (plural)	rıb
6	they	níe
7	this	hy
8	that	ey
9	here
10	there
11	who
12	what
13	where
14	when
15	how
16	not
17	all
18	many
19	some
20	few
21	other
22	one	oín
23	two
24	three	trí
25	four
26	five	pım
27	big
28	long
29	wide
30	thick
31	heavy
32	small
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman
37	man (adult male)
38	human being
39	child
40	wife
41	husband
42	mother	máıthr
43	father
44	animal
45	fish
46	bird
47	dog	cuan
48	louse	[[Contionary:lyn#Annerish|lyn]]
49	snake
50	worm
51	tree
52	forest
53	stick
54	fruit
55	seed
56	leaf
57	root
58	bark
59	flower
60	grass
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat
64	blood	feàt
65	bone
66	fat
67	egg
68	horn
69	tail
70	feather
71	hair
72	head
73	ear
74	eye
75	nose	faoca
76	mouth
77	tooth
78	tongue
79	fingernail
80	foot
81	leg
82	knee
83	hand
84	wing
85	belly
86	guts
87	neck
88	back
89	breast
90	heart
91	liver
92	drink
93	eat	bírr
94	bite
95	suck
96	spit
97	vomit
98	blow
99	breathe
100	laugh
101	see
102	hear
103	know
104	think
105	smell
106	fear
107	sleep
108	live
109	die
110	kill
111	fight
112	hunt
113	hit
114	cut
115	split
116	stab
117	scratch
118	dig
119	swim
120	fly
121	walk
122	come
123	lie
124	sit
125	stand
126	turn
127	fall
128	give
129	hold
130	squeeze
131	rub
132	wash
133	wipe
134	pull
135	push
136	throw
137	tie
138	sew
139	count
140	say
141	sing
142	play
143	float
144	flow
145	freeze
146	swell
147	sun
148	moon
149	star
150	water	dal
151	rain
152	river
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand
158	dust
159	earth
160	cloud
161	fog
162	sky
163	wind
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire	tuar
168	ash
169	burn
170	road
171	mountain
172	red
173	green
174	yellow
175	white	bán
176	black
177	night
178	day
179	year
180	warm
181	cold
182	full
183	new	nuıd
184	old
185	good
186	bad
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp
192	dull
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry
196	correct
197	near
198	far
199	right
200	left
201	at
202	in	fı
203	with	lı
204	and	ea
205	if
206	because
207	name