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'''Doidhesh''' (native: ''Doidhesh/Dœðesc'' /ˈdœʏðɛʃ/) is an [[w:Anglic_languages|Anglic language]] descended from [[w:Old_English|Old English]].
'''Doidhesh''' (native: ''Doidhesh/Dœðesc'' /ˈdøɪðɛʃ/) is an [[w:Anglic_languages|Anglic language]] descended from [[w:Old_English|Old English]].
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Doidhesh
|name = Doidhesh
|nativename = Doidhesh sweazh<br />Dœðesc swjec
|nativename = Doidhesh sweazh<br />Dœðesc swjec
|pronunciation = ˈdœʏðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ
|pronunciation = ˈdøɪðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
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|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Anglo-Frisian_languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
|fam4 = [[w:North_Sea_Germanic_languages|North Sea Germanic]]
|fam5 = [[w:Anglic languages|Anglic]]
|fam5 = [[w:Anglo-Frisian_languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
|fam6 = [[w:Anglic languages|Anglic]]
|ancestor1 = [[w:Proto-Indo-European_language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor1 = [[w:Proto-Indo-European_language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic_language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic_language|Proto-Germanic]]
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:
Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:
#'''Eagelstaiv/Jegelstæf''' (''"English letter(s)"''): Based on Middle English orthography.
#'''Egelstaiv/Egelstæf''' (''"English letter(s)"''): Based on Middle English orthography.
#'''Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf''' ("''Danish letter(s)''"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.
#'''Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf''' ("''Danish letter(s)''"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will ve referred to as ''Eagelstaiv'' and ''Tjenstæf'' respectively.
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as ''Egelstaiv'' and ''Tjenstæf'' respectively.
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Consonants
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Consonants
! IPA !! Eagelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
|-
| m || m || m
| m || m || m
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| l || l || l
| l || l || l
|-
|-
| tʃ || tch; t³ || tc; tj; t_j⁴
| tʃ || tch; t³ || tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc
|-
|-
| dʒ || j; d³ || dj; d_j⁴
| dʒ || j; d³ || dj; d_j⁴
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| ʃ || sh; zh²; s³ || c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶
| ʃ || sh; zh²; s³ || c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶
|-
|-
| ʒ || zh; z³ || zj; cz⁷
| ʒ || zh; z³ || zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷
|-
|-
| ɲ || ny; n³ || nj; n_j⁴
| ɲ || ny; n³ || nj; n_j⁴
|-
|-
| c || k³ || kj
| c || k³ || kj; k_j⁴
|-
|-
| ɟ || g³ || gj
| ɟ || g³ || gj; g_j⁴
|-
|-
| ç || h³ || hj
| ç || h³ || hj; h_j⁴
|-
|-
| j || y; ∅³ || j
| j || y; ∅³ || j
|-
|-
| ʎ || l³ || lj
| ʎ || l³ || lj; l_j⁴
|-
|-
| ŋ || n⁸ || n⁸
| ŋ || n⁸ || n⁸
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² Word-finally when it lenites.
² Word-finally when it lenites.


³ Before ''ea'' and ''eo'' (even if there is intervening ''-w-'' in the case of coronal consonants).
³ Before ''ea'' and ''eo'', even if there is intervening ''-w-''.


⁴ When separated with ''-w-''.
⁴ When separated with ''-w-''.


⁵ Can occur in any position in accordance with etymology. Does not lenite when word-final.
⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.


⁶ Before ''tj''.
⁶ Before ''tj''.
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{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Vowels
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Vowels
! IPA !! Eagelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
|-
| ɑ || a || a
| ɑ || a || a
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| œ || ö || ö
| œ || ö || ö
|-
|-
| øʏ || oi || œ
| øɪ || oi || œ
|-
|-
| jœ; œ¹ || eo || jö
| jœ; œ¹ || eo || jö
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² After /w/.
² After /w/.


===Morphophonologu===
===Morphophonology===
====Lenition====
====Lenition====
When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.
When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.
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Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.
Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.


The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table does not indicate how non-lenited consonants are written word-internally.
The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition
|+ Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition
! rowspan="2"| Phoneme !! colspan="2" |Unlenited form !! colspan="3"| Lenited form !! colspan="2"| Non-leniting equivalent
! rowspan="2"| Phoneme !! colspan="2" |Unlenited form !! colspan="3"| Lenited form !! colspan="2"| Non-leniting equivalent
|-
|-
! Eagelstaiv !! Djenstæf !! IPA !! Eagelstaiv !! Djenstæf !! Eagelstaiv !! Djenstæf
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
|-
| p || p || p || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || pp || pp
| p || p || p || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || pp || pp
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====Vowel simplifications====
====Vowel simplifications====
When vowels are brought into hiatus, whether due to the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word, or during compounding, the hiatus is simplified according to specific rules.
When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+
! 2nd > <br /> 1st v !! a !! au/á !! ä !! ai/æ !! e !! ei/é !! ea/je !! i !! ie/í !! ö !! oi/œ !! eo/jö !! ü/y !! üe/ý !! eu/öu !! eou/jöu !! o !! ou/ó !! oa/wo !! u !! ue/ú
|-
! a
| colspan="2"|au/á || colspan="12"| ai/æ || colspan="7" | au/á
|-
! au/á
! ä
! ai/æ
! e
! ei/é
! ea/je
! i
! ie/í
! ö
! oi/œ
! eo/jö
! ü/y
! üe/ý
! eu/öu
! eou/jöu
! o
! ou/ó
! oa/wo
! u
! ue/ú
|}
-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" | First vowel !! colspan="2" | Second vowel !! colspan="2" | Result !! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
| a, au, ä, ai || a, á, ä, æ || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || ai || æ ||
|-
| a, au, ä, ai || a, á, ä, æ || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || au || á ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ei || é ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eu || öu ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| ea || je || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ea || je ||
|-
| ea || je || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eou || jöu ||
|-
| ea || je || ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| i, ie || i, í || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ie || í ||
|-
| i, ie || i, í || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || üe || ý ||
|-
| o, ou || o, ó || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| o, ou || o, ó || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || ou || ó ||
|-
| oa || wo || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| oa || wo || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || oa || wo ||
|-
| u, ue || u, ú || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || üe || ý ||
|-
| u, ue || u, ú || a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || ue || ú ||
|-
| ö, oi || ö, œ || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| ö, oi || ö, œ || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eu || öu ||
|-
| eo || jö || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || eo || jö ||
|-
| eo || jö || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu  || eou || jöu ||
|-
| ü, üe || y, ý || colspan="2"| Any vowel <!--ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý, a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu--> || üe || ý ||
|-
|}
 
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Subject !! colspan="2"|Object !! colspan="2"|Possessive
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
! 1S
| meizh || méc || mei || mé || mien || mín
|-
! 2S
| due || dú || dei || dé || dien || dín
|-
! 3SM
| sei || sé || soan || swon || saiz || sæs
|-
! 3SF
| soi || sœ || soa || swo || sear || sjer
|-
! 3SN
| daidh || dæþ || daidh || dæþ || daiz || dæs
|-
! 1P
| bei || bé || buez || bús || buer || búr
|-
! 2P
| jei || djé || jeu || djöu || jeur || djöur
|-
! 3P
| goi || gœ || gein || gén || geor || gjör
|-
|}
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Number !! colspan="2" | Cardinal !! colspan="2' | Ordinal
! rowspan="2" | Number !! colspan="2" | Cardinal !! colspan="2' | Ordinal
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!0
!0
| noucht || nóht || ||
| noucht || nóht || nouchth || nóhþ
|-
|-
!1
!1
| oan || won || ||
| oan || won || worm || worm
|-
|-
!2
!2
| thwoa || þwo || ||
| thwoa || þwo || thwoudher || þwóðer
|-
|-
!3
!3
| droi || drœ || ||
| droi || drœ || drett || drett
|-
|-
!4
!4
| heour || hjöur || ||
| heour || hjöur || heourdh || hjöurþ
|-
|-
!5
!5
| wiev || wíf || ||
| wiev || wíf || wift || wift
|-
|-
!6
!6
| sois || sœs || ||
| sois || sœs || soist || sœst
|-
|-
!7
!7
| seoun || sjöun || ||
| seoun || sjöun || seound || sjöund
|-
|-
!8
!8
| ächt || äht || ||
| ächt || äht || ächth || ähþ
|-
|-
!9
!9
| nein || nén || ||
| nein || nén || neind || nénd
|-
|-
!10
!10
| thüen || þýn || ||
| thüen || þýn || thoidh || þœþ
|-
|-
!11
!11
| || || ||
| eleun || elöun || eleund || elöund
|-
!12
| thwelv || þwelf || thwelft || þwelft
|-
!13
|droidhün || drœðyn || droidhödh || drœðöþ
|-
!14
| heourdhün || hjöurðyn||heourdhödh || hjöurðöþ
|-
!15
| wiftün || wiftyn ||wiftödh || wiftöþ
|-
!16
| soistün || sœstyn || soistödh || sœstöþ
|-
!17
| seoundün || sjöundyn || seoundödh || sjöundöþ
|-
!18
| ächtün || ähtyn || ächtödh || ähtöþ
|-
!19
| neindün || néndyn || neindödh || néndöþ
|-
!20
| thwendei || þwendé || thwendeidh || þwendéþ
|-
|}
|}
<!--
Older, for reference:
Dœðesc: won /wɔn/, þwo /θwo/, drœ /drøy/, hjór /çour/, wíf /wi:f/, sex /sɛʃ/, sjöun /ʃœun/, äht /æχt/, nén /nein/, þín /θi:n/
Doidhesh (alternate orthography): oan, thwoa, droi, hiour, wijv, sesh, seoun, ächt, nein, thijn
-->
===Nouns===
Nouns are pluralized with the ending ''-as''. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).
===Adjectives===
Adjectives do not decline.
===Verbs===
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
*Present: Uses present form.
*Past: Uses past form.
*Future: Uses future form.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
*Imperfective: No marker
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Habitual: ''bed''
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
*Active: No marker
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Thiet/Þít''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Sealas/Sjelas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| spring || lengthen/lengþen
|-
| summer || soumer/sómer
|-
| fall || gärst
|-
| winter || bender
|-
|}
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hijri months - ''Ménþes higjries''
! English !! Gothedish
|-
| Muharram || Muharram
|-
| Safar ||
|-
| Rabi' al-Awwal ||
|-
| Rabi' ath-Thani ||
|-
| Jumada al-Ula ||
|-
| Jumada al-Akhirah ||
|-
| Rajab ||
|-
| Sha'ban ||
|-
| Ramadan ||
|-
| Shawwal ||
|-
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah ||
|-
| Dhu'l-Hijjah ||
|-
|}-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Sonleizh moundhas/Sonléc mónþas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| January || Äfterjoul/Äfterdjól
|-
| February || Soalmoundh/Swolmónþ
|-
| March || Greithmoundh/Gréþmónþ
|-
| April || Eastermoundh/Jestermónþ
|-
| May || Dreimelzh/Drémelc
|-
| June || Earleidh/Jerléþ<!--; Searmoundh/Sjermónþ-->
|-
| July || Äfterleidh/Äfterléþ<!--; Meatmoundh/Mjetmónþ-->
|-
| August || Boitmoundh/Bœtmónþ
|-
| September || Gärstmoundh/Gärstmónþ
|-
| October || Bendervöldh/Bendervölþ
|-
| November || Plouthmoundh/Plóþmónþ
|-
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Tais auv beizh/Tæs áf béc''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| Sunday || Sondai/Sondæ
|-
| Monday || Moundai/Mondæ
|-
| Tuesday || Thüestai/Þýstæ
|-
| Wednesday || Wonstai/Wonstæ
|-
| Thursday || Dorstai/Dorstæ
|-
| Friday || Vriedhai/Vríðæ
|-
| Saturday || Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Tealas auv tai/Tjelas áf tæ''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| day || tai/tæ
|-
| dawn || taihoum/tæhóm
|-
| morning || morn
|-
| noon || mittai/mittæ
|-
| afternoon || äftermittai/äftermittæ
|-
| evening || eaven/jeven
|-
| dusk || nichthoum/nihthóm
|-
| night || nicht/niht
|-
| midnight || mitnicht/mitniht
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Tealas auv thiet/Tjelas áf þít''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| second || bengwiel/bengwíl
|-
| minute || thiemshen/þímcen
|-
| hour || thiem/þím
|-
| day || tai/tæ
|-
| week || beizh/béc
|-
| month || moundh/mónþ
|-
| season || seal/sjel
|-
| year || jear/djer
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Thietleizh piebordhas/Þítléc píborðas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| now || nue/nú
|-
| then || don
|-
| recently, a short time ago || earnue/jernú
|-
| earlier || ear/jer
|-
| soon, shortly || soun/són; äfternue/äfternú
|-
| later || äfter
|-
| always || sebel
|-
| often || oft
|-
| sometimes || gwielom/gwílom
|-
| rarely || selten
|-
| never || noa/nwo; neaver/njever
|-
| ever || oa/wo; eaver/jever
|-
| still, yet || jüedh/jýþ
|-
| already || ju
|-
| today || thoudhai/þóðæ
|-
| tonight || thounicht/þóniht
|-
| yesterday || jörstanai/djörstanæ
|-
| last night || jörstanicht/djörstaniht
|-
| tomorrow || thoumorn/þómorn
|-
| before yesterday || earjörstanai/jerdjörstanæ
|-
| two nights ago || earjörstanicht/jerdjörstaniht
|-
| after tomorrow || äfterthoumorn/äfterþómorn
|-
| this week || thoubeizh/þóbéc
|-
| last week || jörstabeizh/djörstabéc
|-
| next week || neistbeizh/néstbéc
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''
! English !! Gothedish
|-
| white || gweidh/gwéþ
|-
| grey || kreai/krjei
|-
| black || plaigh/plæh <!--swärth/swärþ-->
|-
| red || reat/rjet
|-
| orange || reatjeol/rjetdjöl
|-
| brown || pruen/prún
|-
| yellow || jeol/djöl
|-
| green || krein/krén
|-
| blue || ploi/plœ
|-
| pink || rouzen/rózen
|-
| purple || pauz/pás
|-
| golden || költen
|-
|}
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
'''Eagelstaiv:''' Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev.
'''Tjenstæf:''' Äl mangyn gœ máþ pjer bjezed gœ vrœ od djelíc en börd od djerihtas. Gœ máþ djéf bistom od djýþ, älso gœ scæl akrwof älcóðer en kost áf bróðerscef.
'''IPA:''' /æl ˈmɑŋɡʏn ɡøɪ maʊθ pjɛr ˈbjɛzɛd ɡøɪ vrøɪ ɔd dʒɛˈliʃ ɛn bœrd ɔd dʒɛˈrɪxtas ‖ ɡøɪ maʊθ dʒeɪf ˈbɪstɔm ɔd dʒyθ | ˈælsɔ ɡøɪ ʃaɪl ɑˈkrwɔf ˌælˈʃoʊðɛr ɛn kɔst aʊf ˈbroʊðɛrˌʃɛf/
'''Gloss:''' all mankind they PASS bear being they free and alike in worth and rights. they PASS give reason and conscience, and they should behave-to each-other in spirit of brotherhood.
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'''Gloss with English cognates:''' All mankind (they) made bear (being) (they) free and alike in worth and rights. (They) made give wisdom and (conscience), also (they) shall a-grope each-other in ghost of brothership.-->
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