Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions

no edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(77 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 22: Line 22:
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Italic_language|Proto-Italic]]
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Italic_language|Proto-Italic]]
|ancestor2 = [[Pre-Proto-Tungric]]
<!--
<!--
|iso1 =  
|iso1 =  
Line 38: Line 39:
*The voicing of fricatives in PPT likely differed from what is usually reconstructed for Proto-Italic. In PPT, the fricatives besides /s/ are reconstructed as voiced in all positions (i.e. /ð, ɣʷ, β, ɣ/), while /s/ is reconstructed as unvoiced in most positions.
*The voicing of fricatives in PPT likely differed from what is usually reconstructed for Proto-Italic. In PPT, the fricatives besides /s/ are reconstructed as voiced in all positions (i.e. /ð, ɣʷ, β, ɣ/), while /s/ is reconstructed as unvoiced in most positions.
*PPT stress rules are constructed to have been similar to those of Classical Latin, however:
*PPT stress rules are constructed to have been similar to those of Classical Latin, however:
**Word-final syllables took stress if the syllable was super-heavy - i.e. a long vowel or diphthong followed by a coda consonant, or a long diphthong.
**Word-final syllables took stress if the syllable was super-heavy - i.e. a long vowel or diphthong followed by a coda consonant, or a long diphthong. However, a final ''*-s'' was ignored (i.e. it did not cause a preceding long vowel to receive stress) except in verbs.
**Few vowel contractions had taken place at the PPT stage (note that *''-eje-'' > *''-ē-'' did take place).
**Few vowel contractions had taken place at the PPT stage (note that *''-eje-'' > *''-ē-'' did take place).
**Some words had analogical or sporadic vowel changes and/or stress shifts.
**Some words had analogical or sporadic vowel changes and/or stress shifts.
Line 230: Line 231:
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.<!-- Feminine ''n''-stems were rare, since most original cases were reformed to ''ōn''-stems.-->
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.<!-- Feminine ''n''-stems were rare, since most original cases were reformed to ''ōn''-stems.-->
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *gamǭ ''m.'' "man" || colspan="2"| *ahtijō ''f.'' "action" || colspan="2"| *namǭ ''n.'' "name" || colspan="2"| *ankwǭ ''n.'' "fat, grease"
! !! colspan="2"| *gamǭ ''m.'' "man" || colspan="2"| *ardijō ''m./f.'' "skilled person" || colspan="2"| *namǭ ''n.'' "name" || colspan="2"| *ankwǭ ''n.'' "fat, grease"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *gam'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="2"| *gam'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="2"| *gam'''aniz'''
| rowspan="2"| *gam'''aniz'''
| rowspan="2"| *aht'''ijǭ'''
| rowspan="2"| *ard'''ijǭ'''
| rowspan="2"| *aht'''īniz'''
| rowspan="2"| *ard'''īniz'''
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''nō'''
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''nō'''
Line 247: Line 248:
| *gam'''anį'''
| *gam'''anį'''
| *gam'''aninz'''
| *gam'''aninz'''
| *aht'''īnį'''
| *ard'''īnį'''
| *aht'''īninz'''
| *ard'''īninz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *gam'''aniz'''
| *gam'''aniz'''
| *gam'''anǭ'''
| *gam'''anǭ'''
| *aht'''īniz'''
| *ard'''īniz'''
| *aht'''īnǭ'''
| *ard'''īnǭ'''
| *nam'''niz'''
| *nam'''niz'''
| *nam'''nǭ'''
| *nam'''nǭ'''
Line 263: Line 264:
| *gam'''anī'''
| *gam'''anī'''
| *gam'''ambiz'''
| *gam'''ambiz'''
| *aht'''īnī'''
| *ard'''īnī'''
| *aht'''īmbiz'''
| *ard'''īmbiz'''
| *nam'''nī'''
| *nam'''nī'''
| *nam'''nibiz'''
| *nam'''nibiz'''
Line 273: Line 274:
| *gam'''ani'''
| *gam'''ani'''
| *gam'''ambaz'''
| *gam'''ambaz'''
| *aht'''īni'''
| *ard'''īni'''
| *aht'''īmbaz'''
| *ard'''īmbaz'''
| *nam'''ni'''
| *nam'''ni'''
| *nam'''nibaz'''
| *nam'''nibaz'''
Line 284: Line 285:
'''Note:'''  
'''Note:'''  
#As shown in the case of *''namǭ'', the expected *''-an-'' in endings was reduced to *''-n-'' in some nouns. In some other nouns, it was instead replaced with *''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.-->
#As shown in the case of *''namǭ'', the expected *''-an-'' in endings was reduced to *''-n-'' in some nouns. In some other nouns, it was instead replaced with *''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.-->
#''*ahtijǭ'' is an example of a heavy ''j''-suffixed ''an''-stem, where expected **''-ijan/ijin-'' was contracted to *''-īn-''. Similarly, in light ''j''-suffixed ''an''-stems, expected **''-jan/jin-'' was contracted to *''-in-''.
#''*ardijǭ'' is an example of a heavy ''j''-suffixed ''an''-stem, where expected **''-ijan/ijin-'' was contracted to *''-īn-''. Similarly, in light ''j''-suffixed ''an''-stems, expected **''-jan/jin-'' was contracted to *''-in-''.
#Some ''an''-stems had an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singular ending).<!--
#Some ''an''-stems had an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singular ending). An example of this is neuter ''r/n''-stems, which had a nominative-vocative-accusative in *''-ar''.<!--
#''an''-stems whose nominative singular ended in *''-ijǭ'' or ''-jǭ'' had *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''.-->
#''an''-stems whose nominative singular ended in *''-ijǭ'' or ''-jǭ'' had *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''.-->


====''ōn''-stems====
====''ōn''-stems====
Masculine or feminine.
Masculine or feminine (usually feminine).
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *fihtijǭ ''f.'' "the act of combing"
! !! colspan="2"| *fihtijǭ ''f.'' "the act of combing"
Line 314: Line 315:
| *fihtij'''ōni'''
| *fihtij'''ōni'''
| *fihtij'''ōmbaz'''
| *fihtij'''ōmbaz'''
|-
|}
====''īn''-stems====
Feminine.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *sirį̄ ''f.'' "sequence, week"
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *sir'''į̄'''
| rowspan="2"| *sir'''īniz'''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| *sir'''īnį'''
| *sir'''īninz'''
|-
! Genitive
| *sir'''īniz'''
| *sir'''īnǭ'''
|-
! Dative
| *sir'''īnī'''
| *sir'''īmbiz'''
|-
! Instrumental
| *sir'''īni'''
| *sir'''īmbaz'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 454: Line 483:
|}
|}


'''Note:''' The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular was *''-s'' (which often led to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there was usually no suffix. However, there were many nouns that were irregular in those forms.
'''Note:''' The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular was *''-s'' (after unvoiced consonants) or *''-z'' (after voiced consonants)<!-- (which often led to minor stem changes)-->, and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there was usually no suffix. However, there were many nouns that were irregular in those forms.


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Most adjectives could be declined strong or weak. The class of an adjective was determined by its strong conjugation. The weak conjugation was originally derived from a combination of the adjective with a following emphatic particle (akin to Latin ''enim'') that was reanalyzed as an ''n''-stem ending.
Most adjectives could be declined strong or weak. The class of an adjective was determined by its strong conjugation. The weak conjugation was originally derived from a combination of the adjective with a following emphatic particle (akin to Latin ''enim'') that was reanalyzed as an ''n''-stem ending.
 
<!--
'''Note:''' Like with ''ō''-stem nouns, the strong feminine genitive (both singular and plural) had alternative ''*s'' and ''*z'' forms (i.e. ''*-ōs'' or ''*-ōz'' in the singular, and ''*-ōsą'' or ''*-ōzą''). Only the ''*s'' forms are shown below for brevity. The ''*z'' forms can be derived simply by replacing the ''*s'' in the endings with ''*z''.-->
====''a/ō''-stem adjectives====
====''a/ō''-stem adjectives====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 562: Line 592:


====Consonant-stem adjectives====
====Consonant-stem adjectives====
These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''.
These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s/z'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''.


The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems.
The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
<!--
'''Note:''' As with adjectives, only the ''*s'' forms of the strong feminine genitive are given where applicable. The ''*z'' forms can be derived from these simply by replacing ''*s'' in the endings.-->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Line 658: Line 690:
| *immai
| *immai
| *izjaiz, *izjabiz
| *izjaiz, *izjabiz
| *izjōz
| *izjōi
| *izjōiz, *izjōbiz
| *izjōiz, *izjōbiz
| *immai
| *immai
Line 707: Line 739:
| *safsammai
| *safsammai
| *safsabiz
| *safsabiz
| *safsōz
| *safsōi
| *safsōbiz
| *safsōbiz
| *safsammai
| *safsammai
Line 798: Line 830:
| *sammai
| *sammai
| *sabiz
| *sabiz
| *sōz
| *sōi
| *sōbiz
| *sōbiz
| *sammai
| *sammai
Line 819: Line 851:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *izaz
| *þaz
| *izai
| *þai
| *izō
| *þō
| *izōi
| *þōi
| rowspan="2"| *izat
| rowspan="2"| *þat
| rowspan="2"| *izō
| rowspan="2"| *þō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *izan
| *þan
| *izanz
| *þanz
| *izǭ
| *þǭ
| *izōnz
| *þōnz
|-
! Genitive
| *þas, *þazjas
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *þōz, *þazjōz
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *þas, *þazjas
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
|-
! Dative
| *þammai
| *þabiz
| *þōi
| *þōbiz
| *þammai
| *þabiz
|-
! Instrumental
| *þō
| *þabaz
| *þô
| *þōbaz
| *þō
| *þabaz
|-
|}
 
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *izaz
| *izai
| *izō
| *izōi
| rowspan="2"| *izat
| rowspan="2"| *izō
|-
! Accusative
| *izan
| *izanz
| *izǭ
| *izōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
Line 843: Line 921:
| *izammai
| *izammai
| *izabiz
| *izabiz
| *izōz
| *izōi
| *izōbiz
| *izōbiz
| *izammai
| *izammai
Line 890: Line 968:
| *istammai
| *istammai
| *istabiz
| *istabiz
| *istōz
| *istōi
| *istōbiz
| *istōbiz
| *istammai
| *istammai
Line 935: Line 1,013:
| *gegammai
| *gegammai
| *gegabiz
| *gegabiz
| *gegōz
| *gegōi
| *gegōbiz
| *gegōbiz
| *gegammai
| *gegammai
Line 981: Line 1,059:
| *allammai
| *allammai
| *allabiz
| *allabiz
| *allōz
| *allōi
| *allōbiz
| *allōbiz
| *allammai
| *allammai
Line 996: Line 1,074:
|}
|}


====Interrogative pronoun====
====Interrogative pronouns====
*''*hwai'' "what, who"
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
Line 1,027: Line 1,106:
| *hwammai
| *hwammai
| *hwabiz
| *hwabiz
| *hwōz
| *hwōi
| *hwōbiz
| *hwōbiz
| *hwammai
| *hwammai
Line 1,041: Line 1,120:
|-
|-
|}
|}
*''*hwaþeraz'' "which, what (of two)"
<!--
*''*hwōliz'' "which, what (of many)"
*''*hwīnþaz'' "how much, how many"
*''*hwidagjaz'' "what kind of, what sort of"
*Undeclined adverbial interrogative pronouns:
**''*hwaþ'' "to what extent; how"
**''*hwan'' "when"
**''*hwadī'' "where"
**''*hwant'' "from where"-->
====Other pronouns====
<!--
*''*þōliz'' "such, like that"
*''*þanþaz'' "that much, that many"
*''*sadagjaz'' "such kind of, such sort of"
*''*aljaz'' "other, else"
*''*allaz'' "all"
*Undeclined adverbial pronouns:
**''*þaþ'' "to that extent"
**''*iþ'' "such, thus"
**''*þan'' "then"
**''*idī'' "there"
**''*istadī, *gegadī'' "here"
**''*int'' "from there"
**''*istant, *gegant'' "from here"
**''*aljadī'' "elsewhere"-->
===Adverbs===
====Derived manner adverbs====
The most common adverb-forming suffixes are ''*-ē'' and ''*-ō''.


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Line 1,067: Line 1,177:
! 4
! 4
| *hwettwōr
| *hwettwōr
| *hwetarþǭ
| *hwetwarþǭ
| *hwitris
| *hwitris
| *hwitriflaz
| *hwitriflaz
Line 1,174: Line 1,284:
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| *hwatrōginþō
| *hwetrōginþō
| *hwatrōginsǭ
| *hwetrōginsǭ
|
|
|
|
Line 1,222: Line 1,332:
|-
|-
|}-->
|}-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
Line 1,227: Line 1,338:
! 1
! 1
| *ainaz
| *ainaz
| *frīsimaz, *framaz
| *frīsimaz<!--or *frīsmaz-->, *framaz
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
Line 1,239: Line 1,350:
! 4
! 4
| *hwettwōr
| *hwettwōr
| *hwetarþǭ
| *hwadurþǭ<!-- or *hwetwarþǭ-->
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
Line 1,251: Line 1,362:
! 7
! 7
| *siftį
| *siftį
| *siftimǭ
| *siftumǭ
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
Line 1,263: Line 1,374:
! 10
! 10
| *tihį
| *tihį
| *tihimǭ
| *tehumǭ
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| *ainatigį
| *ainatigį
| *ainatihimǭ
| *ainatehumǭ
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| *twatigį
| *twatigį
| *twatihimǭ
| *twatehumǭ
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| *þritigį
| *þritigį
| *þritihimǭ
| *þritehumǭ
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
| *hwettwōrtigį
| *hwettwōrtigį
| *hwettwōrtihimǭ
| *hwettwōrtehumǭ
|-
|-
! 15
! 15
| *hwinhtigį
| *hwinhtigį
| *hwinhtihimǭ
| *hwinhtehumǭ
|-
|-
! 16
! 16
| *sehstigį
| *sehstigį
| *sehstihimǭ
| *sehstehumǭ
|-
|-
! 17
! 17
| *siftintigį
| *siftintigį
| *siftintihimǭ
| *siftintehumǭ
|-
|-
! 18
! 18
| *ahtōtigį
| *ahtōtigį
| *ahtōtihimǭ
| *ahtōtehumǭ
|-
|-
! 19
! 19
| *nawintigį
| *nawintigį
| *nawintijimǭ
| *nawintehumǭ
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
| *wīginþī
| *twīginþī
| *wīginsǭ
| *twīginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| *þrīginþō
| *þrīginþō
| *þrīginsǭ
| *þrīginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| *hwatrōginþō
| *hwetrōginþō
| *hwatrōginsǭ
| *hwetrōginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| *hwinhwōginþō
| *hwinhwōginþō
| *hwinhwōginsǭ
| *hwinhwōginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| *sehsōginþō
| *sehsōginþō
| *sehsōginsǭ
| *sehsōginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| *seftumōginþō
| *seftumōginþō
| *seftumōginsǭ
| *seftumōginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
| *ahtōginþō
| *ahtōginþō
| *ahtōginsǭ
| *ahtōginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| *naunōginþō
| *naunōginþō
| *naunōginsǭ
| *naunōginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| *hinþą
| *hinþą
| *hinsǭ
| *hinsimǭ
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| *smīgillī
| *smīgillī <!-- or something from *smīgzlī-->
| *smīgillidǭ
| *smīgillisimǭ
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,382: Line 1,493:
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| colspan="3"| *þrijǫ̂, *þrēsą
| colspan="3"| *þrijǭ, *þrēsą
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
Line 1,395: Line 1,506:
*''*smīgillī'' "thousand" was declined as an ''ī/jō''-stem feminine noun.
*''*smīgillī'' "thousand" was declined as an ''ī/jō''-stem feminine noun.
*Most ordinal numbers were exclusively declined weak (as indicated in the above table with the ending *''-ǭ'') except for 1st and 2nd.
*Most ordinal numbers were exclusively declined weak (as indicated in the above table with the ending *''-ǭ'') except for 1st and 2nd.
*The following adverbial numbers are reconstructed: ''*semēlą'' "once", ''*twis'' "twice", ''*þris'' "thrice", ''*hwitris'' "four times".
*The following adverbial numbers are reconstructed:  
*The following multiplicative numbers are reconstructed:  ''*simflaz'' "single", ''*singilaz'' "single", ''*twiflaz'' "double", ''*þriflaz'' "triple", ''*hwitriflaz'' "quadruple".
**''*ainas, *sims'' "once"
*The following numerical prefixes are reconstructed: ''*twi-'' "bi-, di-, two", ''*þri-'' "tri-, three", ''*hwitri-''"quadri-, tetra-, four", '*sēmi-'' "semi-, half".
**''*twis'' "twice"
**''*þris'' "thrice"
**''*hwadurs'' "four times"
*The following multiplicative numbers are reconstructed:   
**''*simflaz, *simflegz, *singlaz'' "single"
**''*twiflaz, *twiflegz'' "double"
**''*þriflaz, *þriflegz'' "triple"
**''*hwadurflaz, *hwadurflegz'' "quadruple"
*The following numerical prefixes are reconstructed:
**''*sem/sim-'' "uni-, mono-, one, once"
**''*twi-'' "bi-, di-, two, twice"
**''*þri-'' "tri-, three, thrice"
**''*hwadur-'' "quadri-, tetra-, four"
**''*sēmi-'' "semi-, half"
*The following collective numerals are reconstructed:
**''*ambō'' (declined as ''*twō'') "both"
**''*twiznaz'' "pair"
**''*þriznaz'' "set of three"
**''*hwadurznaz'' "set of four"


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 2,071: Line 2,200:
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Vocabulary==
==Example texts==
===Time - ''*þimfaz''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''*jōras þimfizō''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
|-
| spring || *wesar (*wesn-; ''n.'', ''r/n''-stem)
|-
| summer || *aisōþs (''f.'', cons.-stem)
|-
| fall || *missiz (''f.'', ''i''-stem)
|-
| winter || *gē₂mz (*gē₂m-; ''f.'', cons.-stem)
|-
|}
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - '' ''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
|-
| January ||
|-
| February ||
|-
| March ||
|-
| April ||
|-
| May ||
|-
| June ||
|-
| July ||
|-
| August ||
|-
| September ||
|-
| October ||
|-
| November ||
|-
| December ||
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - '' ''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
|-
| Sunday ||
|-
| Monday ||
|-
| Tuesday ||
|-
| Wednesday ||
|-
| Thursday ||
|-
| Friday ||
|-
| Saturday ||
|-
|}
-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''*tē₂wiz farþēz''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
|-
| day || *teuz (''m.'', ''u''-stem<sup><small>1</small></sup>)
|-
| dawn || *ausōz (''f.'', ''z''-stem)
|-
| morning || *mōdūraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
<!--
| noon ||
|-
| afternoon ||
|-
-->
| evening || *wesperaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
<!--
| dusk ||
|-
-->
| night || *nahts (''f.'', cons.-stem)
|-
<!--
| midnight ||
-->
|}
'''Notes:'''
 
<sup><small>1</small></sup> Expected **''-ea-'' was coalesced to *''-ē₂-'' (e.g. nominative plural was ''*tē₂wiz'' rather than ''*teawiz'').
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''*þimfiziz mēþēz''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
|-
<!--
| second ||
|-
| minute ||
-->
|-
| hour ||
|-
| day || *teuz (''m.'', ''u''-stem, irregular)
|-
| week || *sirį̄ (''f.'', ''īn''-stem)
|-
| month || *mēns (*mēns-, ''m.'', cons.-stem)
|-
| season || *þimfaz (''n.'', ''z''-stem)
|-
| year || *aþnaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem); *jōraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''*þimfiziz werdō''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
|-
| now || *nu, *nū
|-
| then || *þan
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier || *anþ
|-
| soon, shortly || *mahs
|-
| later ||
|-
| always || *simfer
|-
| often || *saif
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never || *ne aiwą
|-
| ever || *aiwą
|-
| still, yet || *int
|-
| already || *anþ
<!--
|-
| today ||
|-
| tonight ||
-->
|-
| yesterday || *gizi; *gester-
<!--
|-
| last night ||
-->
|-
| tomorrow || *hrōz
|-
<!--
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week ||
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
-->
|}
 
===Colours - ''*helaziz''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''*helaziz''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
|-
| white || *albaz
|-
| grey || *hasnaz
|-
| black || *ōþraz
|-
| red || *raudaz, *rausaz
|-
<!--
| orange ||
|-
-->
| brown || *patjaz, *duswaz
|-
| yellow || *gelwaz, *blāwaz
|-
| green || *wīsidaz
|-
| blue || *hilizijaz
|-
<!--
| pink ||
|-
| purple ||
|-
| golden ||
|-
-->
|}
 
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ-->.
'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit.
'''PPT:''' Opnēs ɣomones louðeroi co(m)-plānoi-kʷe com deknotāti jowesi-kʷe co(m)-tlātai sent. Sois addōnātāi sent ratjō co(m)skijentijā-kʷe, et alterois anamām βrātrālim prōðomen tetolēri.
'''Classical Latin cognates:''' Omnēs hominēs līberī *complānīque cum dignitāte iūreque collātī sunt. *Sīs *addōnātae sunt ratiō cōnscientiaque, et alterīs animam *frātrālem *prōdimen tetulēre.
<!--
Allai manniz frijai galīkaihw midi werþō rehtamizuh gaburanai sindi. Þaimaz atgebanō sindi midwissį̄ gahugdizuh, auk anþiraimaz anadanų brōþurlīkanǭ augijaną skulun.-->
<!--Opnēs hemones deknotāti jowezikʷe louðeroi parēskʷe gnāskontor, ratijones komskijentijāskʷe partikapes sont, kʷois enter se komkordijās studēōd agontinom est.-->
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
6,924

edits