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'''Old Netagin''' is a triconsonantal language inspired by Tiberian Hebrew. It was the language of science, law and administration in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to [[Tíogall]] (though Tíogall is about as pure as German).
'''Netagin''' (''ärək Nätagin'' ) is one of the major languages of [[Verse:Tricin]], native to the island nation of Ponetegu. It is a triconsonantal language loosely inspired by Hebrew and PIE.
 
This page describes Classical Netagin. See also [[Modern Netagin]].
 
==Some gib==
[[User:IlL/Netagin/Lexicon]]
<!--
Ha-bhrítz nˀAthághín, ha-mbrítz dtámhúś gCiphrísín. Ha-dhíthíbh dách baratzcáˀ ˁizmhís bhrítzéch nYúnín fa-bhrítzéch dTorcín Ciphrísín. Déi thidhpór yeghzzíbh ha-morphólóghyáh míl-baqhśíyáh ngillím fa-thimtúˁái Šémiyáh brítzáh šibh; ˀach yatzbaš ˁagíráh dtitzdúnath dtidhpórí, Celtíyáh šibh, ˀis déi sintacsí ha-šíbhí nˀamích maltzíbhích dínái Láthíníyáh mó Yúníyáh náḥídháh. ˀAphissach, ha-bhrítzín ˀAthághín ḥámhú mitzbíšú míl-ˀamhdóˁath lídhín brítzái dtal cái, mó brítzán ˀEbhrópíyán ṭušpán.
-->
 
==Sound changes from ANtg==
*a > a
*ā > å
*ay, i > e
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
*ī > i
*aw, u > o
**u > ò in stressed syllables in construct state
*ō > ö
*propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech)
*ū > u
 
==Todo==
*Get rid of gender
*Make the grammar as different from Hebrew as possible
*Get rid of Windermere words
===Words===
 
====Swadesh list====
<poem>
</poem>
 
===Roots===
*''s-r-ć'': to heed, to obey
*''y-r-z'': to hear
*''ŋ-c'': be in front
*''w-s-g'': similar
*''n-þ-g'': sing
*''n-s-d'': learn
*''m-r'': go
*''w-x-s'': love
*''b-n-s'': hide
*''l-z-f'': poke
*''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor
*''ŋ-þ-w'': new
*''x-3-f'': reason
*''h-ŋ-c'': empty, null
*''ħ-d-x'': warm
*''c-ŋ-t'': garden, horticulture
*''g-m-z'': letter, element
*''ŋ-b-ś'': compassion, sympathy
*''f-ś-r'': agree, blend
*''n-b-ś'': courage
*''þ-f-x'': know
*''y-r-f'': roll
*''f-c-m'': read
*''l-x-r'': write
*''z-r-b'': true, firm
*''ś-d-l'': half, split
*''f-s-t'': step, stage
*''ʔ-b-l'': mind
*''w-t-f'': die
*''þ-ŋ-b'': measure
*''z-m-z-m'': hesitate
*''s-w-ħ'': king, rule
*''ħ-c-g'': value
*''ʔ-t-r'': punish
*''g-b-n'': say
*''k-l-k-l'': tile
*''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family
*''b-c-3'': force, coerce
*''r-ʔ-b'': criticize
*''f-s-k'': beast
*''k-l-d'': agree
*''z-l-n'': comfort, solace
*''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color
*''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor
*''s-f-l'': dear
*''w-d-r'': equal, same
*''ħ-g-r'': different
*''m-g-þ'': assign
*''k-b-ć'': shield, fortress
*''k-z-r'': hand over
*''c-b-s'': show, exhibit
*''ħ-r-x'': open
*''þ-k-s'': good, great
*''ħ-n-b'': use
*''s-n-l'': help
*''f-þ-ʔ'': proud
*''s-f-n'': bold
*''x-r-r'': young
*''x-l-n'': eternity
*''l-n'': come
*''l-r-y'': wait
*''n-m-y'': fall
*''k-z-n'': stop, settle
*''b-r-c'': speak
*''ś-n-ħ'': near
*''ħ-t-r'': swim
*''ś-r-g'': develop, evolve
*''r-x-m'': dwell
*''ć-h-k'': cold
*''d-ħ-s'': strong
*''t-k'': to sit on
*''s-b-d'': form, become
*''ŋ-z-ʔ'': pure
*''d-ŋ-n'': lowly, debased, humiliate
*''ŋ-þ-ħ'': stretch, deform
*''r-ŋ-b'': precious
*''b-ħ-d'': round
*''z-n'': grasp
*''f-n-3'': shine, radiate
*''n-k-d'': soft
*''z-n-k'': bite
*''g-l-n'': straight
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Begadkefat: /t k b d g/ > /θ x v ð ɣ/ after a V
Netagin has 22 root consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Labiovelar
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''tj''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''kw''' /kʷ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /p~b/
| '''d''' /t~d/
| '''dj''' /c~ɟ/
| '''g''' /k~g/
| '''gw''' /gw/
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''r''' /ɾ/, '''l''' /l/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|}
*/ɾ/ is realized as [r] when geminated.
====Lenition====
A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated.
===Vowels===
a ă å è e i ò o ö u
===Stress===
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.
===Processes===
The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g t k v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ''ʔankadö'' in Netagin.
Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation.
==Orthography==
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abjad.
===Consonants===
Some of these letters are used as matres lectionis (usually where root consonant letters became treated as part of the vowel).
<!--
*Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ =  b f t d þ k g x
*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h l ʔ
-->
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The vowels written with an acute accent can be analyzed as long vowels or tense vowels; one or more of both pronunciations may be realized simultaneously.
<!--
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò å ă a
-->
 
==Morphology==
:''See also: [[Netagin/Declension]] and [[Netagin/Gzarot]]''
The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment.
 
Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect for person as in Celtic and Semitic languages.
 
*''ʔaŋ-'' = to, for
*''să-'' = in, at
*''ră-'' = with (comitative)
*''xaŋ'' = for
*''hid'' = towards
*''faC-'' = from
*''zo'' = on
*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental)
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among
*''derå'' = because of
*''dön'' = around, about
*''kel'' = over, above
*''noc'' = in front of, before
*''căþin'' = without
 
===Nouns===
Nouns are traditionally divided into two genders (masculine, feminine), but a four-gender analysis ({masculine, feminine} × {animate, inanimate}) is more common in modern linguistics. There is an inverse number suffix (one for each gender): animate nouns have an unmarked singulative and the inverse number suffix in the collective while inanimate and mass nouns have the inverse number suffix in the singulative and an unmarked collective.
 
There is also a construct state, which is often marked with stem changes.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
Nouns have a definite article ''ʔes-''.
|+ '''Vowels'''
 
! style="width: 90px; "|
Classical Netagin has also innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
# Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
# In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
# The word for "lady", ''bī3ō'', became the normal word for "woman" (like how ''Frau'', formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
# Thus, the former honorific agreement (in the third person) analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.
 
This led to many "great", "majestic", "sacred" or "specialized" objects being feminine in Classical Netagin.
 
Example declensions:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Sample nouns
|-
! style="width: 90px;" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | absolute !! style="width: 90px;" | construct  !! style="width: 90px;" | absolute !! style="width: 90px;" | construct
|-
!Masculine, animate
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddå'' || ''xuddå''
|-
!Masculine, inanimate
|| ''yărefå'' || ''yirfå'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref''
|-
!Feminine, animate
|| ''ʔèlsö'' || ''ʔèlsön'' || ''ʔălåsöb'' || ''ʔèlsöb''
|-
!Feminine, inanimate
|| ''tăʔennöb'' || ''tăʔennöb'' || ''tăʔennö'' || ''tăʔennön''
|}
 
The demonstratives are ''ŋo'' 'this' and ''ri'' 'that'. With nouns, demonstratives may either precede or follow the noun but there's a difference in connotation. For example, "this bird" is either ''ʔes-xod ŋo'' or ''ŋo ʔes-xod'', but the latter has the force of "this very bird".
 
====Pronominal suffixes====
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives come after the noun and agree with nouns in gender and number [not in definiteness as in Semitic].
====Declension====
Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms.
 
Adjectives in ''-in'' decline as follows:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''năþågin'' 'Netagin'
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!Masculine animate
|| ''năþågin'' || ''năþåginå''
|-
!Masculine inanimate
|| ''năþåginå'' || ''năþågin''
|-
!Feminine animate
|| ''năþågiyö'' || ''năþågiyöb''
|-
!Feminine inanimate
|| ''năþågiyöb'' || ''năþågiyö''
|}
====Degree====
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.
*''-åm'' = "very"
 
"than": ''få''
 
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxå''
|-
! 2
| ''ʔan''<br/>''yarö'' (hon.) || ''ʔannå''<br/>''yaröd'' (hon.)
|-
! 3
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnå''<br/>''hannöd'' (f)
|}
 
===Verbs===
====Binyanim====
There are 12 [[w:binyan|binyanim]], which tend to (but not always) have the following meanings:
 
*Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
*Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
*Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
*Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
*Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix ''be-'' (applicative).
*Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
*Binyan 7 - telic
*Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
*Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.
**Ex. ''ħădådex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! style="" |[[w:Close vowel|Close]]
! Binyan !! Imperfective !! Perfective !! Active<br/>Participle !! Passive<br/>Participle !! Verbnoun
| '''i, í''' /i(ː)/
| [ɨ]
| '''u, ú''' /u(ː)/
|-
|-
! style="" |[[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! 1
| '''é''' /e(ː)/
| ''1å2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1å2e3'', ''1ă2i3''
|  
|-
| '''ó''' /o(ː)/
! 2
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1å2i3'' || ''1å2u3'' || ''1å2å3''
|-
! 3
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-å12e3'' || ''bi11u2å3'' || ''þi11u2å3'' || ''ʔa12o3''
|-
! 4
| ''ʔa1å2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12å3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö''
|-
! 5
| ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1å2e3'' || ''buþ1å2o3'' || ''þuþ1å2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö''
|-
! 6
| ''ʔi1:å2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:å2e3''
|-
! 7
| ''ʔiþþă1å2o3'' || ''-uþþă1å2e3'' || ''buþþă1å2o3'' || ''þuþþă1å2o3'' || ''þiþþă1å2ī3''
|-
! 8
| ''ʔi21å2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21å2o3'' || ''þu21å2o3'' || ''ʔu21å2e3''
|-
! 9
| ''1as2o3'' || ''-u1is2o3'' || ''bu1as2o3'' || ''þu1as2o3'' || ''þu1as2e3''
|-
! 10
| ''1ă2å2a3'' || ''-i12å2o3'' || ''bu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2e3''
|-
! 11
| ''1ă2å2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12å2e3''
|-
! 12
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31å2o3'' || ''þu1i31å2o3'' || ''1i31å2e3''
|}
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added.
 
====Trigger====
Every verb inflects for a trigger. When a trigger is used, focus shifts to the noun marked with the ''yi'' case marker.
 
The triggers are:
*agent
*patient
*locative
*instrumental
*ablative
*allative
*comitative
*benefactive
*malefactive
 
====Affixes====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Present tense affixes
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
| ''-x'' || ''-xå''
|-
! 2
| ''-an''<br/>''-ar'' (polite) || ''-nå''<br/>''-ar'' (polite)
|-
! 3
| ''-∅''<br/>''-ö'' (hon.) || ''-å'' <br/> ''-öb'' (hon.)
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+''ʔabnes'' 'steal'
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxå''
|-
! 2
| ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesar'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnå''<br/>''ʔabnesar'' (polite)
|-
! 3
| ''ʔabnes'' <br/>''ʔabnesö'' (hon.) || ''ʔabneså'' <br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (hon.)
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Past tense affixes
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
| ''x-'' || ''x-å''
|-
! 2
| ''n-''<br/>''n-r'' (hon.) || ''n-å''<br/>''n-r'' (hon.)
|-
! 3
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (hon.) || ''h-å''<br/>''h-öb'' (hon.)
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+''ʔabnis'' 'steal'
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
| ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenoså''
|-
! 2
| ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenosar'' (hon.) || ''nibbenoså''<br/>''nibbenosar'' (hon.)
|-
! 3
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (hon.) || ''hibbenoså'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (hon.)
|}
{{col-end}}
 
====Moods====
''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg)
 
''ħatar'''nån''''' = swim! (2pl)
 
''ħatar'''gun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers)
 
====Ergative affixes====
Ergative affixes are prefixes: they're placed before the subject prefixes if there are any.
 
===Numbers===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''-fold; ''n''-ad
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
|-
|0
|''ħaŋic''
|''băhåŋuc''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1
|''böd''
|''băhåbud''
|''budbåd''
|''halálédh''
|''-''
|-
|2
|''ħez''
|''băħuz''
|''ħuzħåz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''géḥáz''
|-
|3
|''tuŋ''
|''bătuŋ''
|''tuŋtåŋ''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzibál''
|-
|4
|''mikåś''
|''bămåkuś''
|''măkuśkåś''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''miqátz''
|-
|5
|''fazzim''
|''băfåzum''
|''făzumzåm''
|''pezázémh''
|''pizzámh''
|-
|6
|''ʔaŋbån''
|''băŋåbun''
|''ŋăbunbån''
|''lebhábhén''
|''libán''
|-
|7
|''kacăd''
|''băkåcud''
|''kăcudcåd''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qittzádh''
|-
|8
|''xolås''
|''băxålus''
|''xăluslås''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''céˁáš''
|-
|9
|''riffuy''
|''băråfuy''
|''răfuyfå''
|''rephápheh''
|''ripeh''
|-
|10
|''þabiŋ''
|''băþåbuŋ''
|''þăbiŋbåŋ''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥicábh''
|-
|11
|''śǎdul''
|''băśådul''
|''śăduldål''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
! style="" |[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|12
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|''zårux''
| [ɜ]
|''băzårux''
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|''zăruxråx''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
! style="" |[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|144
|  
|''gamån''
| '''ă''' /ɐ/
|''băgåmun''
|rowspan="2"|'''á''' /ɒ(ː)/
|''gămunmån''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
! style="" |[[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|1728
|  
|''yeŋăs''
| '''a''' /ä/
|''băyåŋus''
|''yăŋusŋås''
|
|
|}
|}


Front vowels /i e ɛ/ are centralized to [ɨ ɘ ɜ] after pharyngealized or uvular consonants.
==Syntax==
Classical Netagin uses Austronesian alignment.
===Case markers===
The two case markers are:
*''ʔes'' = indirect case
*''yi'' = direct case
===Preverbs===
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:
 
*''låxx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''så xalån'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''niþ xalån'' 'if I come (imperfective)'
*''xalån'' 'I came (perfective)', ''så låxx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''niþ låxx'' 'if I came (perfective)'
 
===Relative clauses===
Netagin relative clauses often use the verbal noun instead of a finite verb (cf. ''the flavor of your choosing'').
 
==Sample texts==
===Tower of Babel===
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.''
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
 
:''Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.''
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.
 
:''Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþilnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmad ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwde huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.''
 
==Miscellaneous==
===Poetry===
Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew [[w:piyyut|piyyutim]] in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme.


Vowels are nasalized before /ʕ/, /ħ/ and /ʁ/.
Meters:
*SLLL SLLL (hazaj)
*LLSLLL LLSLLL


===Stress===
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Tricin]]
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.
[[Category:Root-and-pattern languages]]
IlL
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