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'''Netagin''' (''ärək Nätagin'' ) is one of the major languages of [[Verse:Tricin]], native to the island nation of Ponetegu. It is a triconsonantal language loosely inspired by Hebrew and PIE. | |||
This page describes Classical Netagin. See also [[Modern Netagin]]. | |||
==Some gib== | ==Some gib== | ||
| Line 18: | Line 11: | ||
==Sound changes from ANtg== | ==Sound changes from ANtg== | ||
*a > a | *a > a | ||
*ā > | *ā > å | ||
*ay, i > e | *ay, i > e | ||
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state | |||
*ī > i | *ī > i | ||
*aw, u > o | *aw, u > o | ||
**u > ò in stressed syllables in construct state | |||
*ō > ö | *ō > ö | ||
*propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech) | *propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech) | ||
| Line 27: | Line 22: | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
* | *Get rid of gender | ||
* | *Make the grammar as different from Hebrew as possible | ||
* | *Get rid of Windermere words | ||
===Words=== | ===Words=== | ||
| Line 38: | Line 32: | ||
===Roots=== | ===Roots=== | ||
*'' | *''s-r-ć'': to heed, to obey | ||
*''y-r-z'': to hear | |||
*''ŋ-c'': be in front | |||
*''w-s-g'': similar | *''w-s-g'': similar | ||
*''n-þ-g'': sing | *''n-þ-g'': sing | ||
*'' | *''n-s-d'': learn | ||
*''m-r'': go | *''m-r'': go | ||
*''w- | *''w-x-s'': love | ||
*''b-n-s'': hide | *''b-n-s'': hide | ||
*'' | *''l-z-f'': poke | ||
*''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor | *''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor | ||
*''ŋ-þ-w'': new | *''ŋ-þ-w'': new | ||
| Line 53: | Line 49: | ||
*''c-ŋ-t'': garden, horticulture | *''c-ŋ-t'': garden, horticulture | ||
*''g-m-z'': letter, element | *''g-m-z'': letter, element | ||
*'' | *''ŋ-b-ś'': compassion, sympathy | ||
*''f-ś-r'': agree, blend | *''f-ś-r'': agree, blend | ||
*''n-b-ś'': courage | *''n-b-ś'': courage | ||
| Line 59: | Line 55: | ||
*''y-r-f'': roll | *''y-r-f'': roll | ||
*''f-c-m'': read | *''f-c-m'': read | ||
*'' | *''l-x-r'': write | ||
*''z-r-b'': true, firm | *''z-r-b'': true, firm | ||
*''ś-d- | *''ś-d-l'': half, split | ||
*''f-s-t'': step, stage | *''f-s-t'': step, stage | ||
*''ʔ-b- | *''ʔ-b-l'': mind | ||
*''w-t-f'': die | *''w-t-f'': die | ||
*''þ-ŋ-b'': measure | *''þ-ŋ-b'': measure | ||
*''z-m-z-m'': hesitate | *''z-m-z-m'': hesitate | ||
*''s- | *''s-w-ħ'': king, rule | ||
*''ħ-c-g'': value | *''ħ-c-g'': value | ||
*''ʔ-t-r'': punish | *''ʔ-t-r'': punish | ||
*'' | *''g-b-n'': say | ||
*''k- | *''k-l-k-l'': tile | ||
*''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family | *''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family | ||
*''b-c-3'': force, coerce | *''b-c-3'': force, coerce | ||
*''r-ʔ-b'': criticize | *''r-ʔ-b'': criticize | ||
*''f-s-k'': beast | *''f-s-k'': beast | ||
*''k- | *''k-l-d'': agree | ||
*''z- | *''z-l-n'': comfort, solace | ||
*''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color | *''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color | ||
*''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor | *''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor | ||
*''s-f- | *''s-f-l'': dear | ||
*''w-d-r'': equal, same | *''w-d-r'': equal, same | ||
*''ħ-g-r'': different | *''ħ-g-r'': different | ||
| Line 89: | Line 85: | ||
*''ħ-r-x'': open | *''ħ-r-x'': open | ||
*''þ-k-s'': good, great | *''þ-k-s'': good, great | ||
*''ħ-n- | *''ħ-n-b'': use | ||
*''s-n- | *''s-n-l'': help | ||
*''f-þ-ʔ'': proud | *''f-þ-ʔ'': proud | ||
*''s-f-n'': bold | *''s-f-n'': bold | ||
*''x-r-r'': young | *''x-r-r'': young | ||
*''x- | *''x-l-n'': eternity | ||
*'' | *''l-n'': come | ||
*'' | *''l-r-y'': wait | ||
*''n-m-y'': fall | *''n-m-y'': fall | ||
*''k-z-n'': stop, settle | *''k-z-n'': stop, settle | ||
*''b-r-c'': speak | *''b-r-c'': speak | ||
*''ś-n- | *''ś-n-ħ'': near | ||
*''ħ-t-r'': swim | *''ħ-t-r'': swim | ||
*''ś-r-g'': develop, evolve | *''ś-r-g'': develop, evolve | ||
| Line 108: | Line 104: | ||
*''t-k'': to sit on | *''t-k'': to sit on | ||
*''s-b-d'': form, become | *''s-b-d'': form, become | ||
*''ŋ- | *''ŋ-z-ʔ'': pure | ||
*''d-ŋ-n'': lowly, debased, humiliate | |||
*''ŋ-þ-ħ'': stretch, deform | |||
*''r-ŋ-b'': precious | |||
*''b-ħ-d'': round | |||
*''z-n'': grasp | |||
*''f-n-3'': shine, radiate | |||
*''n-k-d'': soft | |||
*''z-n-k'': bite | |||
*''g-l-n'': straight | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Netagin has 22 root consonants: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 132: | Line 123: | ||
! |Labial | ! |Labial | ||
! |Alveolar | ! |Alveolar | ||
! |Palatal | ! |Palatal | ||
! |Velar | ! |Velar | ||
! | | ! |Labiovelar | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ||
| '''m''' /m/ | | '''m''' /m/ | ||
| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 149: | Line 135: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ||
! |<small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''p''' /p/ | |||
| '''t''' /t/ | |||
| '''tj''' /c/ | |||
| '''k''' /k/ | |||
| '''kw''' /kʷ/ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' /p~b/ | | '''b''' /p~b/ | ||
| '''d''' /t~d/ | |||
| | | '''dj''' /c~ɟ/ | ||
| '''g''' /k~g/ | | '''g''' /k~g/ | ||
| '''gw''' /gw/ | |||
| ''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | ! colspan="2" |Approximant | ||
| '''w''' /w/ | | '''w''' /w/ | ||
| '''r''' /ɾ/, '''l''' /l/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | | '''y''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
*/ɾ/ is realized as [r] when geminated. | |||
====Lenition==== | |||
A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated. | A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
a ă å è e i ò o ö u | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable. | In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable. | ||
== | |||
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right | ===Processes=== | ||
The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g t k v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ''ʔankadö'' in Netagin. | |||
Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation. | |||
==Orthography== | |||
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abjad. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
| Line 249: | Line 180: | ||
*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ | *Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ | ||
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z | *Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z | ||
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h | *Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h l ʔ | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò | {{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò å ă a | ||
--> | --> | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
:''See also: [[ | :''See also: [[Netagin/Declension]] and [[Netagin/Gzarot]]'' | ||
The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment. | |||
Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots. | Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots. | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
Prepositions inflect as in Celtic and Semitic languages. | Prepositions inflect for person as in Celtic and Semitic languages. | ||
*''ʔaŋ-'' = to | *''ʔaŋ-'' = to, for | ||
*''să-'' = in, at | *''să-'' = in, at | ||
*''ră-'' = with (comitative) | |||
*''xaŋ'' = for | *''xaŋ'' = for | ||
*''hid'' = towards | |||
*''faC-'' = from | *''faC-'' = from | ||
*''zo'' = on | *''zo'' = on | ||
*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental) | |||
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among | |||
*''derå'' = because of | |||
*''dön'' = around, about | |||
*''kel'' = over, above | |||
*''noc'' = in front of, before | |||
*''căþin'' = without | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are traditionally divided into two genders (masculine, feminine), but a four-gender analysis ({masculine, feminine} × {animate, inanimate}) is more common in modern linguistics. There is an inverse number suffix (one for each gender): animate nouns have an unmarked singulative and the inverse number suffix in the collective while inanimate and mass nouns have the inverse number suffix in the singulative and an unmarked collective. | |||
There is also a construct state, which is often marked with stem changes. | There is also a construct state, which is often marked with stem changes. | ||
| Line 295: | Line 235: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine, animate | !Masculine, animate | ||
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || '' | || ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddå'' || ''xuddå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine, inanimate | !Masculine, inanimate | ||
|| '' | || ''yărefå'' || ''yirfå'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine, animate | !Feminine, animate | ||
|| '' | || ''ʔèlsö'' || ''ʔèlsön'' || ''ʔălåsöb'' || ''ʔèlsöb'' | ||
|- | |||
!Feminine, inanimate | |||
|| ''tăʔennöb'' || ''tăʔennöb'' || ''tăʔennö'' || ''tăʔennön'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
The demonstratives are ''ŋo'' 'this' and ''ri'' 'that'. With nouns, demonstratives may either precede or follow the noun but there's a difference in connotation. For example, "this bird" is either ''ʔes-xod ŋo'' or ''ŋo ʔes-xod'', but the latter has the force of "this very bird". | The demonstratives are ''ŋo'' 'this' and ''ri'' 'that'. With nouns, demonstratives may either precede or follow the noun but there's a difference in connotation. For example, "this bird" is either ''ʔes-xod ŋo'' or ''ŋo ʔes-xod'', but the latter has the force of "this very bird". | ||
====Pronominal suffixes==== | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives come after the noun and agree with nouns in gender and number [not in definiteness as in Semitic]. | |||
====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms. | Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms. | ||
| Line 313: | Line 259: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''năþågin'' 'Netagin' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Singular !! Plural | ! !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine animate | !Masculine animate | ||
|| '' | || ''năþågin'' || ''năþåginå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine inanimate | !Masculine inanimate | ||
|| '' | || ''năþåginå'' || ''năþågin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine | !Feminine animate | ||
|| '' | || ''năþågiyö'' || ''năþågiyöb'' | ||
|- | |||
!Feminine inanimate | |||
|| ''năþågiyöb'' || ''năþågiyö'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
====Degree==== | |||
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages. | |||
*''-åm'' = "very" | |||
"than": ''få'' | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
| Line 333: | Line 287: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''ʔaxd'' || '' | | ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''ʔan'' || '' | | ''ʔan''<br/>''yarö'' (hon.) || ''ʔannå''<br/>''yaröd'' (hon.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || '' | | ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnå''<br/>''hannöd'' (f) | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Binyanim==== | ====Binyanim==== | ||
There are 12 binyanim: | There are 12 [[w:binyan|binyanim]], which tend to (but not always) have the following meanings: | ||
*Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form. | *Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form. | ||
| Line 356: | Line 310: | ||
*Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice) | *Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice) | ||
*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le" | *Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le" | ||
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. '' | *Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. | ||
**Ex. ''ħădådex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'. | |||
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X" | *Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X" | ||
| Line 365: | Line 320: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| '' | | ''1å2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1å2e3'', ''1ă2i3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || '' | | ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1å2i3'' || ''1å2u3'' || ''1å2å3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''- | | ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-å12e3'' || ''bi11u2å3'' || ''þi11u2å3'' || ''ʔa12o3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| '' | | ''ʔa1å2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12å3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| ''þa12u3'' || ''- | | ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1å2e3'' || ''buþ1å2o3'' || ''þuþ1å2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| ''ʔi1: | | ''ʔi1:å2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:å2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| '' | | ''ʔiþþă1å2o3'' || ''-uþþă1å2e3'' || ''buþþă1å2o3'' || ''þuþþă1å2o3'' || ''þiþþă1å2ī3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| '' | | ''ʔi21å2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21å2o3'' || ''þu21å2o3'' || ''ʔu21å2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| ''1as2o3'' || ''-u1is2o3'' || ''bu1as2o3'' || ''þu1as2o3'' || '' | | ''1as2o3'' || ''-u1is2o3'' || ''bu1as2o3'' || ''þu1as2o3'' || ''þu1as2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| '' | | ''1ă2å2a3'' || ''-i12å2o3'' || ''bu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| '' | | ''1ă2å2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12å2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || '' | | ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31å2o3'' || ''þu1i31å2o3'' || ''1i31å2e3'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added. | <sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added. | ||
====Trigger==== | |||
Every verb inflects for a trigger. When a trigger is used, focus shifts to the noun marked with the ''yi'' case marker. | |||
The triggers are: | |||
*agent | |||
*patient | |||
*locative | |||
*instrumental | |||
*ablative | |||
*allative | |||
*comitative | |||
*benefactive | |||
*malefactive | |||
====Affixes==== | ====Affixes==== | ||
| Line 411: | Line 380: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''- | | ''-x'' || ''-xå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''- | | ''-an''<br/>''-ar'' (polite) || ''-nå''<br/>''-ar'' (polite) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''-∅'' | | ''-∅''<br/>''-ö'' (hon.) || ''-å'' <br/> ''-öb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
| Line 426: | Line 395: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| '' | | ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| '' | | ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesar'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnå''<br/>''ʔabnesar'' (polite) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''ʔabnes'' | | ''ʔabnes'' <br/>''ʔabnesö'' (hon.) || ''ʔabneså'' <br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
| Line 440: | Line 409: | ||
|+Past tense affixes | |+Past tense affixes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Singular | ! !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''x-'' || ''x- | | ''x-'' || ''x-å'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''n-''<br/>''n- | | ''n-''<br/>''n-r'' (hon.) || ''n-å''<br/>''n-r'' (hon.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''h-''<br/>''h- | | ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (hon.) || ''h-å''<br/>''h-öb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
| Line 455: | Line 424: | ||
|+''ʔabnis'' 'steal' | |+''ʔabnis'' 'steal' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Singular | ! !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| '' | | ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenoså'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| '' | | ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenosar'' (hon.) || ''nibbenoså''<br/>''nibbenosar'' (hon.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| '' | | ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (hon.) || ''hibbenoså'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
====Moods==== | ====Moods==== | ||
''ħatr''' | ''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg) | ||
''ħatar''' | ''ħatar'''nån''''' = swim! (2pl) | ||
''ħatar''' | ''ħatar'''gun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers) | ||
== | ====Ergative affixes==== | ||
Ergative affixes are prefixes: they're placed before the subject prefixes if there are any. | |||
= | |||
Ergative | |||
===Numbers=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 60px; "| | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''-fold; ''n''-ad | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n'' | |||
|- | |||
|0 | |||
|''ħaŋic'' | |||
|''băhåŋuc'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|''böd'' | |||
|''băhåbud'' | |||
|''budbåd'' | |||
|''halálédh'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|''ħez'' | |||
|''băħuz'' | |||
|''ħuzħåz'' | |||
|''gaḥáḥéz'' | |||
|''géḥáz'' | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|''tuŋ'' | |||
|''bătuŋ'' | |||
|''tuŋtåŋ'' | |||
|''tzebhábhél'' | |||
|''tzibál'' | |||
|- | |||
|4 | |||
|''mikåś'' | |||
|''bămåkuś'' | |||
|''măkuśkåś'' | |||
|''meqháqhétz'' | |||
|''miqátz'' | |||
|- | |||
|5 | |||
|''fazzim'' | |||
|''băfåzum'' | |||
|''făzumzåm'' | |||
|''pezázémh'' | |||
|''pizzámh'' | |||
|- | |||
|6 | |||
|''ʔaŋbån'' | |||
|''băŋåbun'' | |||
|''ŋăbunbån'' | |||
|''lebhábhén'' | |||
|''libán'' | |||
|- | |||
|7 | |||
|''kacăd'' | |||
|''băkåcud'' | |||
|''kăcudcåd'' | |||
|''qetzátzédh'' | |||
|''qittzádh'' | |||
|- | |||
|8 | |||
|''xolås'' | |||
|''băxålus'' | |||
|''xăluslås'' | |||
|''ceˁáˁéš'' | |||
|''céˁáš'' | |||
|- | |||
|9 | |||
|''riffuy'' | |||
|''băråfuy'' | |||
|''răfuyfå'' | |||
|''rephápheh'' | |||
|''ripeh'' | |||
|- | |||
|10 | |||
|''þabiŋ'' | |||
|''băþåbuŋ'' | |||
|''þăbiŋbåŋ'' | |||
|''ḥacháchébh'' | |||
|''ḥicábh'' | |||
|- | |||
|11 | |||
|''śǎdul'' | |||
|''băśådul'' | |||
|''śăduldål'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|12 | |||
|''zårux'' | |||
|''băzårux'' | |||
|''zăruxråx'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|144 | |||
|''gamån'' | |||
|''băgåmun'' | |||
|''gămunmån'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
|1728 | |||
|''yeŋăs'' | |||
|''băyåŋus'' | |||
|''yăŋusŋås'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | |||
Classical Netagin uses Austronesian alignment. | |||
*'' | ===Case markers=== | ||
The two case markers are: | |||
*'' | *''ʔes'' = indirect case | ||
*''yi'' = direct case | |||
===Preverbs=== | |||
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs: | |||
*'' | *''låxx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''så xalån'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''niþ xalån'' 'if I come (imperfective)' | ||
*''xalån'' 'I came (perfective)', ''så låxx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''niþ låxx'' 'if I came (perfective)' | |||
===Relative clauses=== | |||
Netagin relative clauses often use the verbal noun instead of a finite verb (cf. ''the flavor of your choosing''). | |||
==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===Tower of Babel=== | ===Tower of Babel=== | ||
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes- | :''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.'' | ||
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M | :then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M | ||
:''Sem sa- | :''Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.'' | ||
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there. | :but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there. | ||
:''Dă- | :''Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþilnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmad ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwde huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.'' | ||
==Miscellaneous== | ==Miscellaneous== | ||
| Line 520: | Line 592: | ||
Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew [[w:piyyut|piyyutim]] in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme. | Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew [[w:piyyut|piyyutim]] in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme. | ||
Meters: | |||
*SLLL SLLL (hazaj) | *SLLL SLLL (hazaj) | ||
*LLSLLL LLSLLL | *LLSLLL LLSLLL | ||