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'''Netagin''' (''ärək Nätagin'' ) is one of the major languages of [[Verse:Tricin]], native to the island nation of Ponetegu. It is a triconsonantal language loosely inspired by Hebrew and PIE. | |||
: | |||
This page describes Classical Netagin. See also [[Modern Netagin]]. | |||
==Some gib== | ==Some gib== | ||
| Line 17: | Line 11: | ||
==Sound changes from ANtg== | ==Sound changes from ANtg== | ||
*a > a | *a > a | ||
*ā > | *ā > å | ||
*ay, i > e | *ay, i > e | ||
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state | **i > è in stressed syllables in construct state | ||
| Line 28: | Line 22: | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
* | *Get rid of gender | ||
* | *Make the grammar as different from Hebrew as possible | ||
*Get rid of Windermere words | |||
* | |||
===Words=== | ===Words=== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 34: | ||
*''s-r-ć'': to heed, to obey | *''s-r-ć'': to heed, to obey | ||
*''y-r-z'': to hear | *''y-r-z'': to hear | ||
*'' | *''ŋ-c'': be in front | ||
*''w-s-g'': similar | *''w-s-g'': similar | ||
*''n-þ-g'': sing | *''n-þ-g'': sing | ||
| Line 49: | Line 41: | ||
*''w-x-s'': love | *''w-x-s'': love | ||
*''b-n-s'': hide | *''b-n-s'': hide | ||
*'' | *''l-z-f'': poke | ||
*''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor | *''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor | ||
*''ŋ-þ-w'': new | *''ŋ-þ-w'': new | ||
| Line 63: | Line 55: | ||
*''y-r-f'': roll | *''y-r-f'': roll | ||
*''f-c-m'': read | *''f-c-m'': read | ||
*'' | *''l-x-r'': write | ||
*''z-r-b'': true, firm | *''z-r-b'': true, firm | ||
*''ś-d- | *''ś-d-l'': half, split | ||
*''f-s-t'': step, stage | *''f-s-t'': step, stage | ||
*''ʔ-b- | *''ʔ-b-l'': mind | ||
*''w-t-f'': die | *''w-t-f'': die | ||
*''þ-ŋ-b'': measure | *''þ-ŋ-b'': measure | ||
*''z-m-z-m'': hesitate | *''z-m-z-m'': hesitate | ||
*''s- | *''s-w-ħ'': king, rule | ||
*''ħ-c-g'': value | *''ħ-c-g'': value | ||
*''ʔ-t-r'': punish | *''ʔ-t-r'': punish | ||
*''g-b-n'': say | *''g-b-n'': say | ||
*''k- | *''k-l-k-l'': tile | ||
*''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family | *''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family | ||
*''b-c-3'': force, coerce | *''b-c-3'': force, coerce | ||
*''r-ʔ-b'': criticize | *''r-ʔ-b'': criticize | ||
*''f-s-k'': beast | *''f-s-k'': beast | ||
*''k- | *''k-l-d'': agree | ||
*''z- | *''z-l-n'': comfort, solace | ||
*''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color | *''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color | ||
*''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor | *''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor | ||
*''s-f- | *''s-f-l'': dear | ||
*''w-d-r'': equal, same | *''w-d-r'': equal, same | ||
*''ħ-g-r'': different | *''ħ-g-r'': different | ||
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*''ħ-r-x'': open | *''ħ-r-x'': open | ||
*''þ-k-s'': good, great | *''þ-k-s'': good, great | ||
*''ħ-n- | *''ħ-n-b'': use | ||
*''s-n- | *''s-n-l'': help | ||
*''f-þ-ʔ'': proud | *''f-þ-ʔ'': proud | ||
*''s-f-n'': bold | *''s-f-n'': bold | ||
*''x-r-r'': young | *''x-r-r'': young | ||
*''x- | *''x-l-n'': eternity | ||
*'' | *''l-n'': come | ||
*'' | *''l-r-y'': wait | ||
*''n-m-y'': fall | *''n-m-y'': fall | ||
*''k-z-n'': stop, settle | *''k-z-n'': stop, settle | ||
*''b-r-c'': speak | *''b-r-c'': speak | ||
*''ś-n- | *''ś-n-ħ'': near | ||
*''ħ-t-r'': swim | *''ħ-t-r'': swim | ||
*''ś-r-g'': develop, evolve | *''ś-r-g'': develop, evolve | ||
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*''s-b-d'': form, become | *''s-b-d'': form, become | ||
*''ŋ-z-ʔ'': pure | *''ŋ-z-ʔ'': pure | ||
*''d-ŋ-n'': humiliate | *''d-ŋ-n'': lowly, debased, humiliate | ||
*''ŋ-ħ | *''ŋ-þ-ħ'': stretch, deform | ||
*''r-ŋ-b'': precious | *''r-ŋ-b'': precious | ||
*''b-ħ-d'': round | |||
*''z-n'': grasp | |||
*''f-n-3'': shine, radiate | |||
*''n-k-d'': soft | |||
*''z-n-k'': bite | |||
*''g-l-n'': straight | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Netagin has | Netagin has 22 root consonants: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 125: | Line 123: | ||
! |Labial | ! |Labial | ||
! |Alveolar | ! |Alveolar | ||
! |Palatal | ! |Palatal | ||
! |Velar | ! |Velar | ||
! | | ! |Labiovelar | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ||
| '''m''' /m/ | | '''m''' /m/ | ||
| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ||
! |<small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''p''' /p/ | |||
| '''t''' /t/ | |||
| '''tj''' /c/ | |||
| '''k''' /k/ | |||
| '''kw''' /kʷ/ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' /p~b/ | | '''b''' /p~b/ | ||
| '''d''' /t~d/ | |||
| | | '''dj''' /c~ɟ/ | ||
| '''g''' /k~g/ | | '''g''' /k~g/ | ||
| '''gw''' /gw/ | |||
| ''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | ! colspan="2" |Approximant | ||
| '''w''' /w/ | | '''w''' /w/ | ||
| '''r''' /ɾ/, '''l''' /l/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | | '''y''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
*/ɾ/ is realized as [r] when geminated. | |||
====Lenition==== | |||
A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated. | A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
a ă å è e i ò o ö u | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable. | In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable. | ||
=== | ===Processes=== | ||
The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g | The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g t k v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ''ʔankadö'' in Netagin. | ||
Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation. | |||
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right | ==Orthography== | ||
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abjad. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ | *Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ | ||
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z | *Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z | ||
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h | *Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h l ʔ | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò | {{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò å ă a | ||
--> | --> | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
:''See also: [[ | :''See also: [[Netagin/Declension]] and [[Netagin/Gzarot]]'' | ||
The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment. | The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment. | ||
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*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental) | *''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental) | ||
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among | *''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among | ||
*'' | *''derå'' = because of | ||
*''dön'' = around, about | *''dön'' = around, about | ||
*'' | *''kel'' = over, above | ||
*''noc'' = in front of, before | *''noc'' = in front of, before | ||
*''căþin'' = without | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Masculine, animate | !Masculine, animate | ||
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || '' | || ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddå'' || ''xuddå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine, inanimate | !Masculine, inanimate | ||
|| '' | || ''yărefå'' || ''yirfå'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine, animate | !Feminine, animate | ||
|| '' | || ''ʔèlsö'' || ''ʔèlsön'' || ''ʔălåsöb'' || ''ʔèlsöb'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine, inanimate | !Feminine, inanimate | ||
| Line 320: | Line 252: | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives come after the noun and agree with nouns in gender and number [not in definiteness as in Semitic]. | |||
====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms. | Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms. | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''năþågin'' 'Netagin' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Singular !! Plural | ! !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine animate | !Masculine animate | ||
|| '' | || ''năþågin'' || ''năþåginå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Masculine inanimate | !Masculine inanimate | ||
|| '' | || ''năþåginå'' || ''năþågin'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine animate | !Feminine animate | ||
|| '' | || ''năþågiyö'' || ''năþågiyöb'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine inanimate | !Feminine inanimate | ||
|| '' | || ''năþågiyöb'' || ''năþågiyö'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Degree==== | |||
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages. | |||
*''-åm'' = "very" | |||
"than": ''få'' | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''ʔaxd'' || '' | | ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''ʔan'' || '' | | ''ʔan''<br/>''yarö'' (hon.) || ''ʔannå''<br/>''yaröd'' (hon.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || '' | | ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnå''<br/>''hannöd'' (f) | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Binyanim==== | ====Binyanim==== | ||
There are 12 binyanim, which tend to (but not always) have the following meanings: | There are 12 [[w:binyan|binyanim]], which tend to (but not always) have the following meanings: | ||
*Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form. | *Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form. | ||
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*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le" | *Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le" | ||
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. | *Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. | ||
**Ex. '' | **Ex. ''ħădådex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'. | ||
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X" | *Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| '' | | ''1å2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1å2e3'', ''1ă2i3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || '' | | ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1å2i3'' || ''1å2u3'' || ''1å2å3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''- | | ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-å12e3'' || ''bi11u2å3'' || ''þi11u2å3'' || ''ʔa12o3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| '' | | ''ʔa1å2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12å3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| ''þa12u3'' || ''- | | ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1å2e3'' || ''buþ1å2o3'' || ''þuþ1å2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| ''ʔi1: | | ''ʔi1:å2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:å2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| '' | | ''ʔiþþă1å2o3'' || ''-uþþă1å2e3'' || ''buþþă1å2o3'' || ''þuþþă1å2o3'' || ''þiþþă1å2ī3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| '' | | ''ʔi21å2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21å2o3'' || ''þu21å2o3'' || ''ʔu21å2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| ''1as2o3'' || ''-u1is2o3'' || ''bu1as2o3'' || ''þu1as2o3'' || '' | | ''1as2o3'' || ''-u1is2o3'' || ''bu1as2o3'' || ''þu1as2o3'' || ''þu1as2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| '' | | ''1ă2å2a3'' || ''-i12å2o3'' || ''bu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| '' | | ''1ă2å2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12å2e3'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || '' | | ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31å2o3'' || ''þu1i31å2o3'' || ''1i31å2e3'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added. | <sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added. | ||
====Trigger==== | |||
Every verb inflects for a trigger. When a trigger is used, focus shifts to the noun marked with the ''yi'' case marker. | |||
The triggers are: | |||
*agent | |||
*patient | |||
*locative | |||
*instrumental | |||
*ablative | |||
*allative | |||
*comitative | |||
*benefactive | |||
*malefactive | |||
====Affixes==== | ====Affixes==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''-x'' || ''- | | ''-x'' || ''-xå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''-an''<br/>''- | | ''-an''<br/>''-ar'' (polite) || ''-nå''<br/>''-ar'' (polite) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''-∅'' | | ''-∅''<br/>''-ö'' (hon.) || ''-å'' <br/> ''-öb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''ʔabnesx'' || '' | | ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxå'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''ʔabnesan''<br/>'' | | ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesar'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnå''<br/>''ʔabnesar'' (polite) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''ʔabnes'' | | ''ʔabnes'' <br/>''ʔabnesö'' (hon.) || ''ʔabneså'' <br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''x-'' || ''x- | | ''x-'' || ''x-å'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''n-''<br/>''n- | | ''n-''<br/>''n-r'' (hon.) || ''n-å''<br/>''n-r'' (hon.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' ( | | ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (hon.) || ''h-å''<br/>''h-öb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''xibbenos'' || '' | | ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenoså'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''nibbenos''<br/>'' | | ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenosar'' (hon.) || ''nibbenoså''<br/>''nibbenosar'' (hon.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' ( | | ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (hon.) || ''hibbenoså'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
====Moods==== | ====Moods==== | ||
''ħatr''' | ''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg) | ||
''ħatar'''nån''''' = swim! (2pl) | |||
''ħatar''' | ''ħatar'''gun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers) | ||
====Ergative affixes==== | ====Ergative affixes==== | ||
Ergative affixes are prefixes: they're placed before the subject prefixes if there are any. | Ergative affixes are prefixes: they're placed before the subject prefixes if there are any. | ||
| Line 506: | Line 459: | ||
|0 | |0 | ||
|''ħaŋic'' | |''ħaŋic'' | ||
|'' | |''băhåŋuc'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
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|1 | |1 | ||
|''böd'' | |''böd'' | ||
|'' | |''băhåbud'' | ||
|'' | |''budbåd'' | ||
|''halálédh'' | |''halálédh'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
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|2 | |2 | ||
|''ħez'' | |''ħez'' | ||
|'' | |''băħuz'' | ||
|'' | |''ħuzħåz'' | ||
|''gaḥáḥéz'' | |''gaḥáḥéz'' | ||
|''géḥáz'' | |''géḥáz'' | ||
| Line 527: | Line 480: | ||
|3 | |3 | ||
|''tuŋ'' | |''tuŋ'' | ||
|'' | |''bătuŋ'' | ||
|'' | |''tuŋtåŋ'' | ||
|''tzebhábhél'' | |''tzebhábhél'' | ||
|''tzibál'' | |''tzibál'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4 | |4 | ||
|'' | |''mikåś'' | ||
|'' | |''bămåkuś'' | ||
|'' | |''măkuśkåś'' | ||
|''meqháqhétz'' | |''meqháqhétz'' | ||
|''miqátz'' | |''miqátz'' | ||
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|5 | |5 | ||
|''fazzim'' | |''fazzim'' | ||
|'' | |''băfåzum'' | ||
|'' | |''făzumzåm'' | ||
|''pezázémh'' | |''pezázémh'' | ||
|''pizzámh'' | |''pizzámh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6 | |6 | ||
|'' | |''ʔaŋbån'' | ||
|'' | |''băŋåbun'' | ||
|'' | |''ŋăbunbån'' | ||
|''lebhábhén'' | |''lebhábhén'' | ||
|''libán'' | |''libán'' | ||
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|7 | |7 | ||
|''kacăd'' | |''kacăd'' | ||
|'' | |''băkåcud'' | ||
|'' | |''kăcudcåd'' | ||
|''qetzátzédh'' | |''qetzátzédh'' | ||
|''qittzádh'' | |''qittzádh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8 | |8 | ||
|'' | |''xolås'' | ||
|'' | |''băxålus'' | ||
|'' | |''xăluslås'' | ||
|''ceˁáˁéš'' | |''ceˁáˁéš'' | ||
|''céˁáš'' | |''céˁáš'' | ||
| Line 569: | Line 522: | ||
|9 | |9 | ||
|''riffuy'' | |''riffuy'' | ||
|'' | |''băråfuy'' | ||
|'' | |''răfuyfå'' | ||
|''rephápheh'' | |''rephápheh'' | ||
|''ripeh'' | |''ripeh'' | ||
| Line 576: | Line 529: | ||
|10 | |10 | ||
|''þabiŋ'' | |''þabiŋ'' | ||
|'' | |''băþåbuŋ'' | ||
|'' | |''þăbiŋbåŋ'' | ||
|''ḥacháchébh'' | |''ḥacháchébh'' | ||
|''ḥicábh'' | |''ḥicábh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|11 | |11 | ||
|'' | |''śǎdul'' | ||
|'' | |''băśådul'' | ||
|'' | |''śăduldål'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12 | |12 | ||
|'' | |''zårux'' | ||
|'' | |''băzårux'' | ||
|''zăruxråx'' | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|- | |||
|144 | |||
|''gamån'' | |||
|''băgåmun'' | |||
|''gămunmån'' | |||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|- | |||
|1728 | |||
|''yeŋăs'' | |||
|''băyåŋus'' | |||
|''yăŋusŋås'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Classical Netagin | Classical Netagin uses Austronesian alignment. | ||
===Case markers=== | |||
The two case markers are: | |||
*''ʔes'' = indirect case | |||
*''yi'' = direct case | |||
===Preverbs=== | ===Preverbs=== | ||
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs: | When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs: | ||
*'' | *''låxx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''så xalån'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''niþ xalån'' 'if I come (imperfective)' | ||
*'' | *''xalån'' 'I came (perfective)', ''så låxx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''niþ låxx'' 'if I came (perfective)' | ||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
| Line 653: | Line 580: | ||
==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===Tower of Babel=== | ===Tower of Babel=== | ||
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes- | :''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.'' | ||
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M | :then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M | ||
:''Sem sa- | :''Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.'' | ||
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there. | :but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there. | ||
:''Dă- | :''Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþilnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmad ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwde huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.'' | ||
==Miscellaneous== | ==Miscellaneous== | ||
| Line 665: | Line 592: | ||
Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew [[w:piyyut|piyyutim]] in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme. | Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew [[w:piyyut|piyyutim]] in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme. | ||
Meters: | |||
*SLLL SLLL (hazaj) | *SLLL SLLL (hazaj) | ||
*LLSLLL LLSLLL | *LLSLLL LLSLLL | ||