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'''Netagin''' (''ärək Nätagin'' ) is one of the major languages of [[Verse:Tricin]], native to the island nation of Ponetegu. It is a triconsonantal language loosely inspired by Hebrew and PIE. | |||
: | |||
This page describes Classical Netagin. See also [[Modern Netagin]]. | |||
==Some gib== | ==Some gib== | ||
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==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
* | *Get rid of gender | ||
* | *Make the grammar as different from Hebrew as possible | ||
* | *Get rid of Windermere words | ||
===Words=== | ===Words=== | ||
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*''w-x-s'': love | *''w-x-s'': love | ||
*''b-n-s'': hide | *''b-n-s'': hide | ||
*'' | *''l-z-f'': poke | ||
*''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor | *''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor | ||
*''ŋ-þ-w'': new | *''ŋ-þ-w'': new | ||
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*''y-r-f'': roll | *''y-r-f'': roll | ||
*''f-c-m'': read | *''f-c-m'': read | ||
*'' | *''l-x-r'': write | ||
*''z-r-b'': true, firm | *''z-r-b'': true, firm | ||
*''ś-d- | *''ś-d-l'': half, split | ||
*''f-s-t'': step, stage | *''f-s-t'': step, stage | ||
*''ʔ-b- | *''ʔ-b-l'': mind | ||
*''w-t-f'': die | *''w-t-f'': die | ||
*''þ-ŋ-b'': measure | *''þ-ŋ-b'': measure | ||
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*''ʔ-t-r'': punish | *''ʔ-t-r'': punish | ||
*''g-b-n'': say | *''g-b-n'': say | ||
*''k- | *''k-l-k-l'': tile | ||
*''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family | *''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family | ||
*''b-c-3'': force, coerce | *''b-c-3'': force, coerce | ||
*''r-ʔ-b'': criticize | *''r-ʔ-b'': criticize | ||
*''f-s-k'': beast | *''f-s-k'': beast | ||
*''k- | *''k-l-d'': agree | ||
*''z- | *''z-l-n'': comfort, solace | ||
*''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color | *''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color | ||
*''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor | *''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor | ||
*''s-f- | *''s-f-l'': dear | ||
*''w-d-r'': equal, same | *''w-d-r'': equal, same | ||
*''ħ-g-r'': different | *''ħ-g-r'': different | ||
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*''þ-k-s'': good, great | *''þ-k-s'': good, great | ||
*''ħ-n-b'': use | *''ħ-n-b'': use | ||
*''s-n- | *''s-n-l'': help | ||
*''f-þ-ʔ'': proud | *''f-þ-ʔ'': proud | ||
*''s-f-n'': bold | *''s-f-n'': bold | ||
*''x-r-r'': young | *''x-r-r'': young | ||
*''x- | *''x-l-n'': eternity | ||
*'' | *''l-n'': come | ||
*'' | *''l-r-y'': wait | ||
*''n-m-y'': fall | *''n-m-y'': fall | ||
*''k-z-n'': stop, settle | *''k-z-n'': stop, settle | ||
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*''n-k-d'': soft | *''n-k-d'': soft | ||
*''z-n-k'': bite | *''z-n-k'': bite | ||
*''g- | *''g-l-n'': straight | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Netagin has | Netagin has 22 root consonants: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;" | ||
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! |Labial | ! |Labial | ||
! |Alveolar | ! |Alveolar | ||
! |Palatal | ! |Palatal | ||
! |Velar | ! |Velar | ||
! | | ! |Labiovelar | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ||
| '''m''' /m/ | | '''m''' /m/ | ||
| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive | ||
! |<small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''p''' /p/ | |||
| '''t''' /t/ | |||
| '''tj''' /c/ | |||
| '''k''' /k/ | |||
| '''kw''' /kʷ/ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' /p~b/ | | '''b''' /p~b/ | ||
| '''d''' /t~d/ | |||
| | | '''dj''' /c~ɟ/ | ||
| '''g''' /k~g/ | | '''g''' /k~g/ | ||
| '''gw''' /gw/ | |||
| ''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | ! colspan="2" |Approximant | ||
| '''w''' /w/ | | '''w''' /w/ | ||
| '''r''' /ɾ/, '''l''' /l/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | | '''y''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
a ă å è e i ò o ö u | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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===Processes=== | ===Processes=== | ||
The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g | The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g t k v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ''ʔankadö'' in Netagin. | ||
Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation. | Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation. | ||
== | ==Orthography== | ||
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abjad. | |||
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ | *Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ | ||
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z | *Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z | ||
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h | *Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h l ʔ | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
:''See also: [[ | :''See also: [[Netagin/Declension]] and [[Netagin/Gzarot]]'' | ||
The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment. | The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment. | ||
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*''derå'' = because of | *''derå'' = because of | ||
*''dön'' = around, about | *''dön'' = around, about | ||
*'' | *''kel'' = over, above | ||
*''noc'' = in front of, before | *''noc'' = in front of, before | ||
*''căþin'' = without | *''căþin'' = without | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Feminine, animate | !Feminine, animate | ||
|| '' | || ''ʔèlsö'' || ''ʔèlsön'' || ''ʔălåsöb'' || ''ʔèlsöb'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Feminine, inanimate | !Feminine, inanimate | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''ʔan''<br/>''yarö'' (hon.) || ''ʔannå''<br/>'' | | ''ʔan''<br/>''yarö'' (hon.) || ''ʔannå''<br/>''yaröd'' (hon.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnå''<br/>'' | | ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnå''<br/>''hannöd'' (f) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added. | <sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added. | ||
====Trigger==== | |||
Every verb inflects for a trigger. When a trigger is used, focus shifts to the noun marked with the ''yi'' case marker. | |||
The triggers are: | |||
*agent | |||
*patient | |||
*locative | |||
*instrumental | |||
*ablative | |||
*allative | |||
*comitative | |||
*benefactive | |||
*malefactive | |||
====Affixes==== | ====Affixes==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''-∅'' | | ''-∅''<br/>''-ö'' (hon.) || ''-å'' <br/> ''-öb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''ʔabnes'' | | ''ʔabnes'' <br/>''ʔabnesö'' (hon.) || ''ʔabneså'' <br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' ( | | ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (hon.) || ''h-å''<br/>''h-öb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' ( | | ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (hon.) || ''hibbenoså'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (hon.) | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|8 | |8 | ||
|'' | |''xolås'' | ||
|'' | |''băxålus'' | ||
|'' | |''xăluslås'' | ||
|''ceˁáˁéš'' | |''ceˁáˁéš'' | ||
|''céˁáš'' | |''céˁáš'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|11 | |11 | ||
|'' | |''śǎdul'' | ||
|'' | |''băśådul'' | ||
|'' | |''śăduldål'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Classical Netagin | Classical Netagin uses Austronesian alignment. | ||
===Case markers=== | |||
The two case markers are: | |||
*''ʔes'' = indirect case | |||
*''yi'' = direct case | |||
===Preverbs=== | ===Preverbs=== | ||
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs: | When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs: | ||
*'' | *''låxx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''så xalån'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''niþ xalån'' 'if I come (imperfective)' | ||
*'' | *''xalån'' 'I came (perfective)', ''så låxx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''niþ låxx'' 'if I came (perfective)' | ||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
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:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there. | :but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there. | ||
:''Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă- | :''Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþilnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmad ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwde huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.'' | ||
==Miscellaneous== | ==Miscellaneous== | ||