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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Pokédex]]


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|setting = [[Verse:Clotricin|Clotricin]]
|setting = {{SUBPAGENAME}}verse
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''an {{SUBPAGENAME}}''
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈʃtʃoːʟʊ]
|region = Talma
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Old Eevo
|iso3=qtg
|notice=IPA
}}
 
 
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|setting = Tíogallverse
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''an Tíogall''
|nativename = ''an Tíogall''
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈtiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈtiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]
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|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Old Tíogall
|fam4= Old Eevo
|iso3=qtg
|iso3=qtg
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''an Tíogall'' /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or ''an ŋgáth dTíogall'' /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the {{PAGENAME}} language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish, German and English. {{PAGENAME}} began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?".
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''an Tíogall'' /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or ''an gháth Thíogall'' /ə ɣa:θ ˈθiːɡəʟ/ 'the {{SUBPAGENAME}} language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish, German and English. {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?".


Tíogall is a pluricentric language - it is an official language in three countries, the peninsular [[Verse:Duínidhe|Duínidhe]] with more dialect diversity, the larger [[Verse:Neoibhir|Neoibhir]] with less dialect diversity, and [[Verse:Phormatin]] in addition to [[Phormatolidin]]. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Éatha'' in Tíogall) on the planet of Clotricin.  
Tíogall is a pluricentric language - it is an official language in three countries, the peninsular Sceola with more dialect diversity, the larger Anbhair with less dialect diversity, and in Phormatin in addition to [[Phormatolidin]]. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Éatha'' in Tíogall) on the planet of Clotricin.  


Modern Standard Tíogall arose as a literary koiné from disparate earlier Tíogallic dialects descended from [[Old Tíogall]] from around fT 1160dd (1968). Thanks in large part to the printing press, Tíogall rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for the Talma region until [[Clofabosin]] gained global standing. Today, Tíogall still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
Modern Standard Tíogall arose as a literary koiné from disparate earlier Tíogallic dialects descended from [[Old Eevo]] from around fT 1160dd (1968). Thanks in large part to the printing press, Tíogall rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, Tíogall still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.


The name ''Tíogall'' is thought to be a [[Clofabic languages|Clofabic]] formation (before Modern Tíogall): ''Tigan'' (Tíogall ''Tíoga'') was a river in the northwestern Talma area where Tíogall originated, and to that was added the Clofabic attributive ''-l''.
The name ''Tíogall'' is thought to be a [[Clofabic languages|Clofabic]] formation (before Modern Tíogall): ''Tiga'' (Tíogall ''Tíoga'') was a river in the northwestern Talma area where Tíogall originated, and to that was added the Clofabic attributive ''-l''.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*new suffix for -ing/-ive
*Should have had more dh's
*Old Tíogall prefixes:
*Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
*Old Eevo prefixes:
**''ar-'': on, at
**''ar-'': on, at
**''(deut.) as-'': telic
**''(deut.) as-'': telic
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at
**''é-'': with
**''é-'': with, co-
**''for-'': causative, "through"
**''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly
**''for-'': causative, through
**''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back
**''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out
**''ro-'': down
**''sol-'': a causative
**''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards
**"out", "from", "down"?
**''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from
**''ro-'' = up
*a few transitive verbs should randomly have that m (and it should be a different set in tiogall and bhadhagha)
*a few transitive verbs should randomly have that m (and it should be a different set in tiogall and bhadhagha)
*if ng is common, slender ng = ñ
*if ng is common, slender ng = ñ
*a good number of VNs with ''-aiŋŋt''
*"inb4"
*"inb4"
*''sruí'' = Korean ''-tapkey'' "like a typical X"
*graduate high school = ?
*graduate high school = ?
*word for "lesbian" comes from the name of a supposedly lesbian poet
*Definitions in law codes look like "Given ''X'', we say that ''P(X)'' if ..."
*Definitions in law codes look like "Given ''X'', we say that ''P(X)'' if ..."
*Translation exercises:  
*Translation exercises:  
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**[[Literature:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
**[[Literature:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
**[[Literature:Through the Looking-Glass]]
**[[Literature:Through the Looking-Glass]]
*irregular constructs


==Notes==
==Notes==
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*The ending ''-aigh/-igh'' is pronounced /ɨ/.
*The ending ''-aigh/-igh'' is pronounced /ɨ/.


===Note on the Anglicization of Tíogall===
===Note on the Anglicization of {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
The Tíogall liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in Tíogall provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)
The {{SUBPAGENAME}} liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in {{SUBPAGENAME}} provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)


The following mapping for vowels is used:
The following mapping for vowels is recommended:


/a aː ɛ eː ɪ iː ɔ ɵː ʊ ʉː œ øː ʏ yː iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw yəj uəj/ → /æ ɑː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː ɑ oʊ ʊ uː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː iːə iːə uːə aʊ aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ iːə iːə iːə uːə/
/a aː ɛ eː ɪ iː ɔ ɵː ʊ ʉː œ øː ʏ yː iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw yəj uəj/ → /æ ɑː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː ɑ oʊ ʊ uː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː iːə iːə uːə aʊ aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ iːə iːə iːə uːə/


For Tíogall post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.
For {{SUBPAGENAME}} post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.


For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.
For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
[[File:Tíogall script.png|thumbnail|Tíogall script]]
[[File:{{SUBPAGENAME}} script.png|thumbnail|{{SUBPAGENAME}} script]]


{{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{PAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{SUBPAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).


The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old {{PAGENAME}} pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.
The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Eevo pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Written Tíogall uses a base-12 positional numeral system.
Written {{SUBPAGENAME}} uses a base-12 positional numeral system.


*digits: ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
*digits: ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
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==Sound changes==
==Sound changes==
===Thensarian to Old Tíogall===
===Thensarian to Old Eevo===
Thn. ''sb, sd, sg'' > OBh ''dhbh, d, dhgh''
Thn. ''sb, sd, sg'' > OBh ''dhbh, d, dhgh''


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In stressed syllables: ''a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oí uí'' >
In stressed syllables: ''a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oí uí'' >
*before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: ''a ea io o u á éa ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío''
*before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: ''a e io o u á é ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío''
*before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ''ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí''
*before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ''ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí''


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*''éa, ó, ói'' > ''ia, ua, uai''
*''éa, ó, ói'' > ''ia, ua, uai''


===Old Tíogall to Modern Tíogall===
===Old Eevo to Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
*aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/  
*aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/  
*prenasalized stops coalesce
*prenasalized stops coalesce
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**''eá(i) eó(i) iú(i)'' merge into ''á(i) ó(i) ú(i)'', preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
**''eá(i) eó(i) iú(i)'' merge into ''á(i) ó(i) ú(i)'', preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
*Further monophthongization
*Further monophthongization
**''ea'' > /ɛ/
**''ae ao'' > /eː oː/
**''ae ao'' > /eː oː/
**''ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai'' > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
**''ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai'' > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
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|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| /w/ ||  
| ||  
| /j/ ||  
| /j/ ||  
| ||
| ||
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*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
*Smeola {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*Smeola {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*/w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
*/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
*/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
*/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].  
*/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].  
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**The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
**The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
**In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
**In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
*After a vowel, /ɣ/ disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)
*After a vowel, /ɣ/ colloquially disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)


====Fortis and lenis resonants====
====Fortis and lenis resonants====
Certain conservative accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old {{PAGENAME}} distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:
Certain conservative accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old Eevo distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:
*/l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
*/l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
*/L/ > /l̪ˠ/
*/L/ > /l̪ˠ/
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|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/w/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|''-''
|''-''
|/θ/||/ð/||/h/||''silent''
|/θ/||/ð/||/h/||''silent''
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|}
|}


<sup>1</sup> /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents including Smeola Tíogall.
<sup>1</sup> /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Sceola Tíogall.




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*/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/
*/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/


===Intonation===
===Prosody===
*In declarative sentences, the pitch is mostly flat; the stressed syllable of the focus word has a lower pitch than the rest of the sentence. This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of Tíogall, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. Within said paradigm, some accents (e.g. Smeola) can sound like a stereotypical Cork accent, while some accents (e.g. Óc Eo) sound more like Valspeak.
*In interrogative sentences, the pitch is also mostly flat; the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the rest of the sentence.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{SUBPAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
*In exclamations, the pattern is "... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !", possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.


==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
Tíogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.


/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents.
/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents.
===Smeóla accent===
Described in the "Phonology" section.
===Scádar accent===
===Scádar accent===
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Neoibhir.
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Anbhair.
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
*/Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
*/Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
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**/iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
**/iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
**/yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
**/yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
**/ʊʟ/ = [uː]
**/ʊʟ/ = [ʊː]
**/eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
**/eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
**/ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
**/ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
**/øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
**/øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
**/œʟ/ = [œɔ]
**/œʟ/ = [œɔ]
**/ɔʟ/ = [oː]
**/ɔʟ/ = [uː]
**/aʟ/ = [ɒː]
**/aʟ/ = [ɒː]
*''r'' = [ɾ] before a vowel, [l] before a consonant or word-finally
*''r'' = [ɾ] before a vowel, [l] before a consonant or word-finally
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===Phormatin accent===
===Phormatin accent===
The majority accent of Tíogall native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas. <!--inspiration: Canada, New Zealand 'fush and chups' -->
The majority accent of {{SUBPAGENAME}} native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas. <!--inspiration: Canada, New Zealand 'fush and chups' -->


==="Stage Tíogall"===
==="Stage {{SUBPAGENAME}}"===
So-called "Stage Tíogall" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.
So-called "Stage {{SUBPAGENAME}}" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.


*/ʟ/ is always pronounced [ɫ]
*/ʟ/ is always pronounced [ɫ]
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*/ɨ/ is pronounced [ɪ]
*/ɨ/ is pronounced [ɪ]


===Early Modern Tíogall===
===Early Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
*''ae/ái, aoi, ao'' were pronounced /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ as opposed to ''é, ói, ó'' /eː, øː, oː/; these two sets have merged to /eː, øː, ɵː/ in most modern dialects.
*''ae/ái, aoi, ao'' were pronounced /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ as opposed to ''é, ói, ó'' /eː, øː, oː/; these two sets have merged to /eː, øː, ɵː/ in most modern dialects.
*/ɨ/ was pronounced [ɪ].
*/ɨ/ was pronounced [ɪ].
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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Tíogall adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.


The predicative determines:
The predicative determines:
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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} personal pronouns'''
|+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} personal pronouns'''
|-
|-
!|
!|
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|-
|-
!|Disjunctive
!|Disjunctive
|''ná''||''iar'' ||''dTlá''||''ú''||''í''||''ámh''||''chéir''||''héir''||''ár''
|''ná''||''iar'' ||''dTlá''||''ú''||''í''||''ámh''||''chéid''||''héid''||''ár''
|}
|}


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====Politeness====
====Politeness====
In archaic usage, ''séid'' is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing. In modern Tíogall, this usage is restricted to e.g.:
In archaic usage, ''séid'' is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing. In modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}, this usage is restricted to e.g.:
* books, movies, games, ... when depicting the past or past-like settings (such as historical fiction or fantasy)
* books, movies, games, ... when depicting the past or past-like settings (such as historical fiction or fantasy)
* when addressing a deity or a king
* when addressing a deity or a king
* in BDSM contexts when a "slave" refers to their "master".
* in BDSM contexts when a "slave" refers to their "master".


In modern Tíogall, ''fiar'' and ''séid'' are used for family members, friends, children or teens, animals, people on the Internet, or to address people of lower social position, and ''dTlá'' is used to an addressee of higher position and for strangers; for example, it is considered acceptable for a professor to address his students, or for a boss his employees, using familiar pronouns.
In modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''fiar'' and ''séid'' are used for family members, friends, children or teens, animals, people on the Internet, or to address people of lower social position, and ''dTlá'' is used to an addressee of higher position and for strangers; for example, it is considered acceptable for a professor to address his students, or for a boss his employees, using familiar pronouns.


====Correlatives====
====Correlatives====
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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian.
Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian. The pronoun ''dTlá'' is not fused with the preposition, however.


''ebh'' = 'after', ''ebhta'' = near/next to
''ebh'' = 'after', ''ebhta'' = near/next to
''ful'' = 'around' (fulan, fulas, fula, fuli, fulam, fulad, fulac, fular)


The sequences ''le'' + ''an'' and ''de'' + ''an'' contract to ''len'' /ʟɛn/ and ''den'' /dɛn/.
The sequences ''le'' + ''an'' and ''de'' + ''an'' contract to ''len'' /ʟɛn/ and ''den'' /dɛn/.
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|-
|-
!|''geil'' 'from'
!|''geil'' 'from'
|''geilen''||''geiles''||''gealu''||''geili''||''geilem''||''geiled''||''geilec''||''geiler''
|''geilan''||''geilas''||''gela''||''geili''||''geilem''||''geiled''||''geilec''||''geiler''
|-
|-
!|''go'' 'with'
!|''go'' 'with'
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
[[Old {{PAGENAME}}]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern {{PAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system.
[[Old Eevo]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. However, many basic verbs are irregular, with many "principal parts"; some common verbs even retain the Old Eevo allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.


Ex:
*''cáigh ná'' 'I eat'; ''cáir'' 'you eat'
*''ní dhesc ná'' 'I don't eat'; ''ní dhescar'' 'you don't eat'
====Present tense====
====Present tense====
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in ''-gh'' or ''-igh'', the ''-gh'' or ''-igh'' is deleted: ''tnáigh hú'' < {{recon|''tnáighigh hú''}} 'he believes'.  
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in ''-gh'' or ''-igh'', the ''-gh'' or ''-igh'' is deleted: ''tnáigh hú'' < {{recon|''tnáighigh hú''}} 'he believes'.  
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{{col-n}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''STEM-(a)igh ná''<br/>''STEM-an/en''
|''STEM-((a)igh) ná''<br/>''STEM-an/en''
|''STEM-ú''
|''STEM-ú''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''STEM-(a)igh céid''<br/>''STEM-ad/ed'' (''poetic'')
|''STEM-((a)igh) céid''<br/>''STEM-ad/ed'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''STEM-(e)ar''
|''STEM-(e)ar''
|''STEM-(a)igh séid''<br/>''STEM-as/es'' (''poetic'')
|''STEM-((a)igh) séid''<br/>''STEM-as/es'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''STEM-(a)igh hú''<br/>''STEM-(a)igh hí''
|''STEM-((a)igh) hú/hí''
|''STEM-(a)igh hár''
|''STEM-((a)igh) hár''
|-
|-
!|Impersonal
!|Impersonal
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
| ''molaigh ná''<br/> ''molan''
| ''mol(aigh) ná''<br/> ''molan''
| ''molú''
| ''molú''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''molaigh géid''<br/>''molad'' (''poetic'')
| ''mol(aigh) géid''<br/>''molad'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
| ''molar''
| ''molar''
| ''molaigh séid''<br/>''molas'' (''poetic'')
| ''mol(aigh) séid''<br/>''molas'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''molaigh hú''<br/>''molaigh hí''
|''mol(aigh) hú''<br/>''mol(aigh) hí''
|''molaigh hár''
|''mol(aigh) hár''
|-
|-
!|Impersonal
!|Impersonal
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
| ''idigh ná''<br/>''iden''
| ''id(igh) ná''<br/>''iden''
| ''idú''
| ''idú''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
| ''idigh éid''<br/>''ided'' (''poetic'')
| ''id(igh) céid''<br/>''ided'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
| ''idear''
| ''idear''
| ''idigh zéid''<br/>''ides'' (''poetic'')
| ''id(igh) zéid''<br/>''ides'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''idigh hú''<br/>''idigh hí''
|''id(igh) hú/hí''
|''idigh hár''
|''id(igh) hár''
|-
|-
!|Impersonal
!|Impersonal
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<sup>1</sup> The buffer ''-e-'' is added when the previous consonant is a cluster, r or l.
<sup>1</sup> The buffer ''-e-'' is added when the previous consonant is a cluster, r or l.


The -igh ending may be deleted in poetry or in casual speech. This is a remnant of Middle Tíogall where there was a distinction between ''molamh hú'' 'he thanks (once)' (dependent ''mola hú'') and ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks (regularly)'.
The ''-igh'' ending in analytic forms must be deleted when a preverbal particle such as ''ní'' 'not', ''ri'' 'REL', ''bhfá'' 'COMP': ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks', but ''ní mhol hú'' 'he does not thank'. For verbs that have a separate stem for imperatives, the imperative stem is used with a preverbal particle. The ''-igh'' may also be deleted or added in poetry. This is a remnant of Middle {{SUBPAGENAME}} where there was a distinction between ''molamh hú'' 'he thanks (once)' (dependent ''mola hú'' or ''mol hú'') and ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks (regularly)'.


====Present progressive====
====Present progressive====
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====Imperfect tense====
====Imperfect tense====
To form the imperfect tense, the particle {{abbtip|[qʷˁeː]|''g'laí''}} is used before the verb, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.
To form the imperfect tense, the particle ''go'' is used before the verb, and the verb undergoes lenition.
*''g'laí mola ná'' 'I used to thank'
*''go mhola ná'' 'I used to thank'
*''g'laí n-ide hí'' 'she used to lie'
*''go h-airde hí'' 'she used to lie'


====Preterite tense====
====Preterite tense====


The suffix ''<sup>i</sup>-ín'' is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{PAGENAME}}.
The suffix ''-ín'' is added to the preterite stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{SUBPAGENAME}}.


:'''''Déicín luc rúinn.'''''
:'''''Déicín luc rúin.'''''
:''I ate/have eaten a fruit.''
:''I ate/have eaten a fruit.''


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''g'lao'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
''g'lao'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
*''g'lao moilín ná'' 'I had thanked'
*''g'lao moilín ná'' 'I had thanked'
*''g'lao idín hí'' 'she had lain'
*''g'lao fairdín hí'' 'she had lain'


====Future tense====
====Future tense====
The future tense is formed by suffixing the future marker ''t'' and conjugating the result like a present tense verb.
The future tense is formed by suffixing the future marker ''t'' and conjugating the result like a present tense verb, except that the analytic form is invariably ''-ta/-te''.


The future marker ''-t-'' becomes ''-at-/-et-'' after ''t, d, th, dh'' and ''-th-'' after ''b, p, g, c''.
The future marker ''-t-'' becomes ''-at-/-et-'' after ''t, d, th, dh'' or any time when a resulting cluster does not consist of two obstruents and would violate the sonority hierarchy (voiced C between two voiceless C's) and ''-th-'' after ''b, p, g, c''.


====Future perfect tense====
====Future perfect tense====
''fácht'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
''fácht'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.


====Subjunctive====
====Jussive====
Modern Tíogall just uses ''molúr'' in every person: ''molúr ná'', ''mólúr fiar'', etc.
The jussive is mainly used for third-person imperatives and sometimes to specify a wish or a requirement.


The passive form is ''molrúr''.
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} just uses ''molúr'' in every person: ''molúr ná'', ''mólúr fiar'', etc. The passive form is ''molrúr''.


This form uses ''dá''-L for the negative, not ''ní''-L.
This form uses ''dá''-L for the negative, not ''tir''-L.
 
:'''''Geilan bhfá ŋgríciúr hí guan.'''''
:''I want her to stay with me.''


====Conditional====
====Conditional====


====Imperative====
====Imperative====
The imperative is lenited.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
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{{col-n}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|L-''STEM-ad!''
|''STEM-ad!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|L-''STEM!''
|''STEM!''
|L-''STEM-as!''
|''STEM-as!''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''mholad!''
|''molad!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''mhol!''
|''mol!''
|''mholas!''
|''molas!''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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!|1.in
!|1.in
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hided!''
| ''airded!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
| ''hid!''
| ''aird!''
| ''hides!''
| ''airdes!''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
The polite 2nd person equivalents are ''molúr dTlá'' and ''airdúr dTlá''.
The imperative stem is used in a Hebrew-style "infinitive absolute" construction: ''deasc déctha hú ú'' = 'he will indeed eat it'


====Verbal noun====
====Verbal noun====
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*''-ach/-ech''
*''-ach/-ech''
*''-as/-is''
*''-as/-es''
*''-t/-ta/-te''
*''-t/-ta/-te''
*ablaut
*ablaut
Line 1,013: Line 1,043:
*9: ''bairbh'' /bɛlv/
*9: ''bairbh'' /bɛlv/
*10: ''uar'' /uəl/
*10: ''uar'' /uəl/
*11: ''eáichimh'' /eːʃəw/
*11: ''eáichemh'' /eːʃəw/
*12: ''cnae'' /kneː/
*12: ''cnae'' /kneː/


Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers ''ciamh'' comes after the noun, while other numbers come before it.
Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers ''ciamh'' comes after the noun, while other numbers come before it.
The suffix ''-ar/-er'' is used for 'nth', and ''-tar/-ter'' is used for 'n times'.
1/n = n-bhedh = "n-part" (half = ''drá'')


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
Below are some common {{PAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, Tíogall uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Tíogall prefix combinations. This allowed Tíogall to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.
Below are some common {{SUBPAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, {{SUBPAGENAME}} uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Eevo prefix combinations. This allowed {{SUBPAGENAME}} to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.
*''-a/e'' (f): nominalizer
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
*''-abh/-ebh'' (m): nominalizer
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! colspan="4"|From...
|-
! Noun
! Verb
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
! Adverb
|-
! rowspan="4"|To...
! Noun
|
|
|
|
|-
! Verb
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adverb
|
|
|
| -
|}
 
 
*''-a/e'' (f): nominalizer of verbs and adjectives
*''-ach/-ech, -achar/-echar'' (f): verbal noun (the most common suffix)
*''-ach/-ech, -achar/-echar'' (f): verbal noun (the most common suffix)
*''-acht'' = forms adjectives
*''-acht/-echt'' = forms adjectives from verbs
*''-ám, -áma'' (m/f): augmentative (from Netagin)
*''-ám, -áma'' (m/f): augmentative (from Netagin)
*''-án/-eán, -áin/-eáin'': adjectivizer
*''-án/-eán, -áin/-eáin'': adjectivizer
Line 1,033: Line 1,103:
*''-ín, -íní'' = patient, passive participle
*''-ín, -íní'' = patient, passive participle
*''-aí/-í''/''-aíche/-íche'' = diminutive
*''-aí/-í''/''-aíche/-íche'' = diminutive
*''-gán'' = -able
*''-gán, -gáin'' = -able
*''é-'' = co-, con-, together
*''é-'' = co-, con-, together
*''for-'' = causative
*''for-'' = causative
Line 1,039: Line 1,109:
*''mí-L'': mis-
*''mí-L'': mis-
*''ní-L'' (hyphenated): non-
*''ní-L'' (hyphenated): non-
*''-óiŋ'' = agent suffix
*''-óiŋ, -óiŋe'' (m) = agent suffix
*''sin-L'': "well"
*''sin-L'': "well"
*Nouns can often be verbed
*Nouns can often be verbed


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
:''Main article: [[Tíogall/Syntax]]''
:''Main article: [[{{SUBPAGENAME}}/Syntax]]''
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Tíogall is relatively purist; most Tíogall vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either [[Classical Netagin]] or [[Koine Netagin]]) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, [[Clofabosin]] words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is relatively purist; most {{SUBPAGENAME}} vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either [[Classical Netagin]] or [[Koine Netagin]]) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, [[Clofabosin]] words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.


===Colors===
===Colors===
===Calendar and time===
===Calendar and time===
===Kinship terms===
===Kinship terms===
*''annar, annta'' = father
*''iamh, iamhar'' = mother
*''có, cótha'' = son


==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
Line 1,068: Line 1,141:
*[inflected form of ''de''] = Yes, X is Y.
*[inflected form of ''de''] = Yes, X is Y.
*''Ní'' + lenition + [verb/adjective/inflected form of ''de''] = No.
*''Ní'' + lenition + [verb/adjective/inflected form of ''de''] = No.
*''Níl'' = No. (reply to ''Is laidh ... ?'')
*''Níl.'' = No. (reply to ''Is laidh ... ?'')


==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===E pur si muove!===
''Sóibh argann argannaigh hú!''
<!--
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===The North Wind and the Sun===
===The North Wind and the Sun===
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}}
}}
-->
-->
===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
===Featured language banner===
===Featured language banner===


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Clotricin]]
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