Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
=== External classification === | |||
{{clade | {{clade | ||
|label1= | |label1=''Homo sapiens'' (?) | ||
|1={{Clade | |1={{Clade | ||
|1=Paleoafrican | |1=Paleoafrican | ||
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|label1=Austran | |label1=Austran | ||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|1=Indo- | |1=Indo-Austro-Pacific | ||
|2='''Atlanto-Mediterranean''' | |2='''Atlanto-Mediterranean''' | ||
}} | }} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
=== Internal classification === | |||
{{clade | |||
|label1='''Atlanto-Mediterranean''' | |||
|1={{Clade | |||
|label1=''Homo neanderthalensis'' (?)|state1=dashed | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|label1=Eastern European (?)|state1=dashed | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|1=xǂəʙ|state1=dashed | |||
}} | |||
|label2=Western European (?)|state2=dashed | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=bǁēɳ|state1=dashed | |||
|2=ɬándɮa|state2=dashed | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
|label2= | |||
|2={{Clade | |||
|1=Anatolian | |||
|label2= | |||
|2={{Clade | |||
|1=Pontic | |||
|label2=European | |||
|2={{Clade | |||
|label1=Eastern | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|1=Nordic | |||
|2=Alpine|state2=dashed | |||
|3=Dinaric | |||
}} | |||
|label2=Western | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=Atlantic | |||
|2=British|state2=dashed | |||
|3=Mediterranean | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! colspan="3" |Click | ! colspan="3" |Click | ||
|* | |(*ʘ > *pǀ) | ||
|*ǀ | |*ǀ | ||
|*ǃ | |*ǃ | ||
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| colspan="2" |*ǂ | | colspan="2" |*ǂ | ||
| | | | ||
|* | |(*ʞ > *qǂ) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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=== Auxiliar stem: *(C)=VC[V] === | === Auxiliar stem: *(C)=VC[V] === | ||
*=əʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb | *=əʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb) | ||
*= | |||
* | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Verbal and auxiliar ablaut patterns | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Realis | |||
! rowspan="2" |Irrealis | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfective | |||
!Perfective | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Finitive | |||
!Positive | |||
|*-a- | |||
|*-i- | |||
|*-e- | |||
|- | |||
!Negative | |||
|*-ɑ- | |||
|*-u- | |||
|*-o- | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Infinitive | |||
|*-ɐ- | |||
|*-ɨ- | |||
|*-ə- | |||
|} | |||
=== Pronominal stem: *C[V]-(CV) === | === Pronominal stem: *C[V]-(CV) === | ||
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|*nə-dɮə > *ɳə | |*nə-dɮə > *ɳə | ||
|*nə-dʑə > *ɲə | |*nə-dʑə > *ɲə | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Morphosyntactic alignment | |||
! | |||
!Impersonal | |||
!Intransitive | |||
!Transitive | |||
!Ditransitive | |||
|- | |||
!Subject | |||
| - | |||
|Nominative-Absolutive | |||
|Accusative-Ergative | |||
|Accusative-Ergative | |||
|- | |||
!Direct object | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
|Accusative-Absolutive | |||
|Accusative-Absolutive | |||
|- | |||
!Indirect object | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
|Dative | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Nominal and pronominal ablaut patterns | |||
! | |||
!Indefinite | |||
!Singular | |||
!Plural | |||
|- | |||
!Nominative-Absolutive | |||
|*-e- | |||
|*-a- | |||
|*-i- | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative-Ergative | |||
|*-ə- | |||
|*-ɐ- | |||
|*-ɨ- | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative-Absolutive | |||
|*-o- | |||
|*-ɑ- | |||
|*-u- | |||
|- | |||
!Dative | |||
|*-e- / *-o- | |||
|*-a- / *-ɑ- | |||
|*-i- / *-u- | |||
|- | |||
!Genitive-Oblique | |||
|*-e(ː)- / *-o(ː)- | |||
|*-a(ː)- / *-ɑ(ː)- | |||
|*-i(ː)- / *-u(ː)- | |||
|- | |||
!Vocative | |||
|*-e(ː)- / *-ə(ː)- | |||
|*-a(ː)- / *-ɐ(ː)- | |||
|*-i(ː)- / *-ɨ(ː)- | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Numerals | |+Numerals | ||
! colspan="2" |Numbers | |||
!Cardinal | |||
!Ordinal | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="5" |First set | ||
!1 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !2 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !3 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !4 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !5 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="5" |Second set | |||
!6 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !7 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !8 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !9 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !10 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="5" |Third set | ||
!11 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !12 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !13 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !14 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !15 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="5" |Fourth set | ||
!16 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !17 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !18 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !19 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!20 | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!--Phonotactics Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!--Phonotactics Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> |
Revision as of 02:08, 15 May 2023
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean | |
---|---|
Proto-Paleoeuropean, Proto-Indo-Atlantic, Proto-Indo-Boreo-Atlantic | |
(Controversial) | |
Created by | Caesar05 |
Date | 2023 |
Setting | Possibly Near East or Europe |
Ethnicity | Early Eurasian Hunter-Gatherers |
Era | Upper Paleolithic |
Early forms | Proto-Sapiens (?)
|
Dialect |
|
Map of the Aurignacian culture distribution |
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean is a hypothetical reconstructed language thought to be the ancestor of the Atlanto-Mediterranean proposed linguistic macrofamily. This large group includes several language families and isolated languages spoken primarily in Europe. Its origin is controversial and would be linked to the Ahmarian culture of the Middle East or the Aurignacian culture of Europe, both associated with the settlement of Europe by Homo sapiens during the Paleolithic. However, due to the extreme remoteness of this ancient language, its precise reconstruction faces enormous challenges. In the absence of direct evidence, one can only rely on speculation and the limited long range comparative historical evidence available.
Introduction
External classification
Homo sapiens (?) |
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Internal classification
Atlanto-Mediterranean |
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Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laminal | Apical | Sublaminal | ||||||||||
Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Postpalatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||
Nasal | *m | *n | *ɳ | *ɲ | *ŋ | *ɴ | ||||||
Plosive | Voiceless | Ejective | *pʼ | *tʼ | *tsʼ | *tɬʼ | *tʃʼ | *tɕʼ | *kʼ | *qʼ | *ʡ | *ʔ |
Aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *tsʰ | *tɬʰ | *tʃʰ | *tɕʰ | *kʰ | *qʰ | ||||
Voiced | Plain | *b | *d | *dz | *dɮ | *dʒ | *dʑ | *g | *ɢ | |||
Murmured | *bʱ | *dʱ | *dzʱ | *dɮʱ | *dʒʱ | *dʑʱ | *gʱ | *ɢʱ | ||||
Fricative | Voiceless | *f | *θ | *s | *ɬ | *ʃ | *ɕ | *x | *χ | *ħ | *h | |
Voiced | *v | *ð | *z | *ɮ | *ʒ | *ʑ | *ɣ | *ʁ | *ʕ | *ɦ | ||
Liquid | Rhotic | *ʙ | *ɹ | *ɻ | *r | *ʀ | *ʢ | |||||
Lateral | *l | *ɭ | *ʎ | *ʟ | ||||||||
Click | (*ʘ > *pǀ) | *ǀ | *ǃ | *ǁ | *ǂ | (*ʞ > *qǂ) |
Approximants
Labial | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|
Labial | *ʋ | *ɥ | *w |
Palatal | *ɥ | *j | *ɧ |
Velar | *w | *ɧ | *ɰ |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
High | *i | *iː | *ɨ | *ɨː | *u | *uː |
Mid | *e | *eː | *ə | *əː | *o | *oː |
Low | *a | *aː | *ɐ | *ɐː | *ɑ | *ɑː |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Auxiliar lexicon and morphology
Auxiliar stem: *(C)=VC[V]
- =əʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb)
Realis | Irrealis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Imperfective | Perfective | |||
Finitive | Positive | *-a- | *-i- | *-e- |
Negative | *-ɑ- | *-u- | *-o- | |
Infinitive | *-ɐ- | *-ɨ- | *-ə- |
Pronominal stem: *C[V]-(CV)
Person | Indefinite | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
First | *ʔə- > *ʔə | *ʔə-bə > *pə | *ʔə-gə > *kə |
Second | *ʔə-də > *tə | *ʔə-ɢə > *qə | *ʔə-dzə > *tsə |
Third | *ʔə-dʒə > *tʃə | *ʔə-dɮə > *tɬə | *ʔə-dʑə > *tɕə |
Person | Indefinite | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
First | *nə- > *nə | *nə-bə > *mə | *nə-gə > *ŋə |
Second | *nə-də > *nə | *nə-ɢə > *ɴə | *nə-dzə > *nə |
Third | *nə-dʒə > *ɲə | *nə-dɮə > *ɳə | *nə-dʑə > *ɲə |
Impersonal | Intransitive | Transitive | Ditransitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | - | Nominative-Absolutive | Accusative-Ergative | Accusative-Ergative |
Direct object | - | - | Accusative-Absolutive | Accusative-Absolutive |
Indirect object | - | - | - | Dative |
Indefinite | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative-Absolutive | *-e- | *-a- | *-i- |
Accusative-Ergative | *-ə- | *-ɐ- | *-ɨ- |
Accusative-Absolutive | *-o- | *-ɑ- | *-u- |
Dative | *-e- / *-o- | *-a- / *-ɑ- | *-i- / *-u- |
Genitive-Oblique | *-e(ː)- / *-o(ː)- | *-a(ː)- / *-ɑ(ː)- | *-i(ː)- / *-u(ː)- |
Vocative | *-e(ː)- / *-ə(ː)- | *-a(ː)- / *-ɐ(ː)- | *-i(ː)- / *-ɨ(ː)- |
Auxiliar structures
Lexicon
Verbal stem: *(C)=VCVC[V]
Nominal stem: *CVC[V]-(CV)
Numbers | Cardinal | Ordinal | |
---|---|---|---|
First set | 1 | ||
2 | |||
3 | |||
4 | |||
5 | |||
Second set | 6 | ||
7 | |||
8 | |||
9 | |||
10 | |||
Third set | 11 | ||
12 | |||
13 | |||
14 | |||
15 | |||
Fourth set | 16 | ||
17 | |||
18 | |||
19 | |||
20 |