Gemendic: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 907: Line 907:
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| sevon || sevonda || sevond
| seven || sevenda || sevend
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
Line 913: Line 913:
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| nevon || nevonda || nevond
| nion || nionda || niond
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| tevon || tevonda || tevond
| ten || tenda || tend
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
Line 937: Line 937:
|-
|-
! 17
! 17
| tevon-sevon || tevon-sevonda || tevon-sevond
| ten-sevenden || sevendenda || sevendend
|-
|-
! 18
! 18
| tevon-eito || tevon-eitoda || tevon-eitod
| ten-eitoden || eitodenda || eitodend
|-
|-
! 19
! 19
| tevon-nevon || tevon-nevonda || tevon-nevond
| ten-nionden || niondenda || niondend
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
Line 964: Line 964:
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| sevontes || sevontesta || sevontest
| seventes || seventesta || seventest
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
Line 970: Line 970:
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| nevontes || nevontesta || nevontest
| niontes || niontesta || niontest
|-
|-
! 100
! 100

Revision as of 05:17, 21 May 2023

Gemendic (/dʒəˈmɛndɪk/, native: gemendesc /ʒemenˈdesk/) is an East Germanic language.

Gemendic
rasta gemendesca
Pronunciation[ˈräst̪ä ʒemen̪ˈd̪eskä]
Created byShariifka
Early forms
Old Gemendic
  • Middle Gemendic

Introduction

Gemendic is an East Germanic language with Western Germanic and Romance influence.

Phonology

Orthography

Latin orthography

Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
A a a [ä]
B b be [be]
C c ce [t͡ʃe]
Ç ç çe [se]
D d de [d̪e]
E e e [e]
F f efe [ˈefe]
G g ge [ʒe]
H h haca [ˈxäkä]
I i i [i]
Letter Name IPA
J j jota [ˈʒot̪ä]
K k ka [kä]
L l ele [ˈele]
Ll ll elle [ˈeʎe]
M m eme [ˈeme]
N n ene [ˈene]
Nn nn enne [ˈeɲe]
O o o [o]
P p pe [pe]
Q q cu [ku]
Letter Name IPA
R r erre [ˈere]
S s esse [ˈese]
T t te [t̪e]
U u u [u]
V v ve [ve]
W w doble-ve [ˈd̪oβle ve]
X x exe [ˈeʃe]
Y y i grega [i ˈɡreɣa]
Z z zeta [ˈzet̪ä]
Consonants
Consonants
Letter Context IPA Examples Remarks
b word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [b] bad "bed"; lambes "lamb"
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) [β̞] pebre "pepper"
utterance-final after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [p] domb "mute"
utterance-final otherwise [ɸ̞] scab "form, condition"
c before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [tʃ] cenno "cheek, jaw"
elsewhere else [k] cara "care, concern"
before voiced consonants [ɣ̞] anécdota "anecdote"
in the cluster ⟨ct⟩ [ɣ̞] or [k] actual "current"
ch everywhere [tʃ] chosen "to choose"
ç everywhere [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) naçón "nation"
d word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [d̪] doitre "daughter"; hando "hand"
elsewhere [ð̞] boda "benefit, use"
utterance-final after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [t̪] cald "cold"
utterance-final otherwise [θ̞] bad "bed"
f everywhere [f] fada "fence"
g before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [ʒ] gèst "ghost, spirit"
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡ] ganguen "to go"
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ˕] agre "field"
utterance-final after ⟨n⟩ [k] sang "song"
utterance-final otherwise [x̞] rig "king"
gu before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡw] lenguage "language"
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ̞w] Paraguay "Paraguay"
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡ] guitarra "guitar"
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ̞] ángueda "distress"
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡw] sengüen "to sing"
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ̞w] següey "Segway"
h everywhere [x] or [h] or [ħ] hando "hand"
everywhere (rare) Ø honest "honest" Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
j everywhere [ʒ] ja "yes, (positive emphasis)"
utterance-final [ʃ] haj "Hajj"
k rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings [k] kilogram "kilogram" Can generally be replaced with c or qu.
l everywhere [l] lag "lake"
ll everywhere [ʎ] all "all"
l•l everywhere [lː] il•logical "illogical"
m everywhere except word-finally [m] mesa "table"
word-final [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) Adam "Adam"
n everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally [n] nad "net"
before other consonants [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] ango "narrow, distressing" Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
word-finally [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) con "family, tribe"
nn everywhere [ɲ] cenno "cheek, jaw"
n•n everywhere [nː] in•novaçón "innovation"
p everywhere [p] pèda "shirt"
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ [β̞] or [ɸ̞] baptista "baptist"
q everywhere [k] Qátar "Qatar" In loanwords.
qu before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [k] quen "woman"
elsewhere [kw] quart "quarter"
only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [kw] qüestón "question"
r word-initial, morpheme-initial,

or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)

[r] rat "rat"
elsewhere [ɾ] xèro "sword"
rr only occurs between vowels [r] carro "cart"
s word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final [s] sono "son"
everywhere else [z] mesa "table"
ss only occurs between vowels [s] passon "to pass"
sc before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [ʃ] sceldo "shield"
elsewhere else [sk] scura "tornado, windstorm"
t everywhere [t̪] tu "you"
before voiced consonants [ð̞] atmósfera "atmosphere"
v everywhere [v] vend "wind"
w in loanwords [v] wolfram "tungsten"
x everywhere [ʃ] oxa "ox"
in loanwords [ks] examen "exam" In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
y everywhere except when acting as a vowel [j] yac "yak"
z utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) alcaduz "bucket"
everywhere else [z] or [ð] (depending on the dialect) dioza "beast"
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
a, á [ä] gat "cat", sultán "sulta"
è [ɛ] gèst "ghost, spirit" Always stressed.
e, é [e] mesa "table"
i, í [i] rig "king", fría "free (f.)"
o, ó [o] ora "hour, time", qüestón "question"
ò [o] òra "ear" Always stressed.
u [u] scura "windstorm", atún "tuna"
Vowel letters in diphthongs
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
In rising diphthongs
i ⟨i⟩ before a vowel [j] dioza "beast"
u ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) [w] hua "what"
ü ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) [w] qüestón "question"
y ⟨y⟩ after a vowel [j] ley "law" Almost always word-final.
u ⟨u⟩ after a vowel [w] autobús "bus"

Notes:

  1. ⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩.
Stress

Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:

  • If there is any vowel with an accent, that vowel is stressed.
  • If there is no vowel with an accent:
    • The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
    • The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
  • Note that:
    • Diphthongs are always treated as one syllable.
    • iV and uV (where V represents any vowel other than i or u) are treated as diphthongs, and therefore count as one syllable.
      • The exception to this is if the i or u has an accent.
    • Final -y shifts the stress to the final syllable.

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Articles

Definite Article

Gemendic definite article
Singular Plural
Masculine te, t' (before vowels) tes
Feminine ta, t' (before a) tos

Notes:

  1. The definite article precedes the noun it modifies.

Indefinite Article

Gemendic indefinite article
Singular Plural
Masculine èn ènes
Feminine èna ènos

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Gemendic personal pronouns
Person, Number, Formality, Gender Independent Clitic
Subject Object Reflexive Object Possessive Direct object Reflexive DO Indirect object Reflexive IO Possessive
1st Singular e mi min/mines, mina/minos me, m'1 mes me(n)2/mes, ma(n)2/mos
Plural Masculine vos; vosandres vostre/vostres, vostra/vostros vos
Feminine vos; vosandros
2nd Singular Informal tu ti tin/tines, tina/tinos te, t'1 tes te(n)2/tes, ta(n)2/tos
Formal Masculine voste si sin/sines, sina/sinos ne, n'1 nes se, s'1 ses se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos
Feminine na, n'3
Plural Informal Masculine jes; jesandres jestre/jestres, jestra/jestros jes
Feminine jes; jesandros
Formal Masculine vostes si sin/sines, sina/sinos nes nes se, s'1 ses se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos
Feminine nos
3rd Singular Masculine es ne, n'1
Feminine essa na, n'3
Plural Masculine esses nes
Feminine essos nos
Impersonal man ne, n'1

Notes:

1 Preverbal before vowel.

2 -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel.

3 Preverbal before a.

Note that post-verbal clitic pronouns are always separated from the verb with a hyphen. When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP (see below).

Adverbial object pronouns

Nouns

Number

Singular nouns are pluralized with the ending -s (after a vowel) or -es (after a consonant).

Nouns ending in -a form their plural in -es (if masculine) or -os (if feminine) instead of the expected *-as.

Adjectives

Agreement

Adjectives usually end in a consonant, -e, or -o in the masculine singular. They generally form their feminine in -a, masculine plural in -es, and feminine plural in -os.

Adjectives ending in a stressed -o or -e do not drop it when other endings are added. For example, go "good" becomes goa in the feminine singular.

Adjectives whose masculine singular ends in -a form their feminine in -o and plural in -es (masculine) and -os (feminine).

Comparatives

The comparative of an adjective is formed by placing mès "more" or menns "less" before the adjective for positive and negative comparatives respectively.

Some adjectives have irregular comparatives. These include:

  • go "good" → baiza, yossa "better"
  • oble "bad" → versa "worse"
  • mane "much, many" → mèza, maneza "more"
  • "few, little" → mennza, foza "less, fewer"
  • megle "big, great" → mèza "bigger, greater"
  • ligle "small, little" → mennza "smaller"
  • jong "young" → joza "younger"
  • sene "old" → alza "older"

The superlative is formed by placing the definite article before the corresponding comparative.

Absolute Superlatives

The absolute superlative is formed eith the suffix -est.

Some adjectives have irregular absolute superlatives. These include:

  • go "good" → baist, yost "very good"
  • oble "bad" → verst "very bad"
  • mane "much, many" → mèst, manest "very much, very many"
  • "few, little" → mennst, fost "very few, very little"
  • megle "big, great" → mèst "very big, very great"
  • ligle "small, little" → mennst "very small"
  • jong "young" → jost "very young"
  • sene "old" → alst "very old"

Adverbs

Derivation from adjectives

Adverbs are usually derived from adjectives by adding -o to the stem.

Some adverbs are irregular. These include:

  • go "good" → vèla "well"
  • mane "much, many"; megle "big, great" → felo "much, greatly, very"

Comparative and Superlative

Numerals

Gemendic numerals
Cardinal Ordinal Fractional
0 zero zeroda
1 èn, èna fromesta
2 tues, tuos tueda halve
3 tris terza terz
4 fedro fedroda quart
5 five fifta fift
6 seis sesta sest
7 seven sevenda sevend
8 eito eitoda eitod
9 nion nionda niond
10 ten tenda tend
11 èlve elveda elved
12 tualve tualveda tualved
13 terden terdenda terdend
14 fedorden fedordenda fedordend
15 fiften fiftenda fiftend
16 sesten sestenda sestend
17 ten-sevenden sevendenda sevendend
18 ten-eitoden eitodenda eitodend
19 ten-nionden niondenda niondend
20 tuestes tuestesta tuestest
21 tuestes-èn(a) tuestes-fromesta tuestes-fromest
30 tristes tristesta tristest
40 fedortes fedortesta fedortest
50 fiftes fiftesta fiftest
60 sestes sestesta sestest
70 seventes seventesta seventest
80 eitotes eitotesta eitotest
90 niontes niontesta niontest
100 hond honsta honst
200 tues-hondes tues-honsta tues-honst
1000 tusonde tusonsta tusonst
2000 tuos-tusondes tuos-tusonsta tuos-tusonst
10⁶ millón millonsta millonst
2×10⁶ tuos-millones tuos-millonsta tuos-millonst
10⁹ millard millarsta millarst
10¹² billón billonsta billonst

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Alles tes vésenes manesques borsen fríes o sambres en verde o reites. Esses están scencedes me frèta o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.

IPA: /ˈaʎes tes ˈvezenes maˈneskes ˈboɾsen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈveɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan ʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾɛta o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/

Other resources