User:Ceige/Western Romance: Difference between revisions

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* (Opt: open+stressed ɛ, ɔ > ie, uo (> ue in Fr/Sp))
* (Opt: open+stressed ɛ, ɔ > ie, uo (> ue in Fr/Sp))
:* ''nox > nocte > nojte > nuojte > nuite in French''
:* ''nox > nocte > nojte > nuojte > nuite in French''
* First lenition: (intervocalic, and vCr) voiced plosives + unvoiced fricatives > v ð j
* First lenition: (intervocalic, and vCr) voiced plosives + unvoiced fricatives > v ð j, single unvoiced plosives > voiced
:* tsj > dzj (not ttsj)
:* tsj > dzj (not ttsj)
:* pl > bl
:* pl > bl
Line 78: Line 78:
* nj, jn, jl, gl (from gn, ngj, gl, kl) > nj, lj
* nj, jn, jl, gl (from gn, ngj, gl, kl) > nj, lj
* unstressed interior vowels lost except pretonic /a/; happened at same time as first lenition, thus manica > manche but granica > grange
* unstressed interior vowels lost except pretonic /a/; happened at same time as first lenition, thus manica > manche but granica > grange
===Diphthong and vowel-height issue===
*ɛ and ɔ become ie and ue in French and Spanish open stressed syllables. They also become ie and ue in Spanish closed stressed syllables. They are merged in the case of Portuguese and most of Catalan.
* In Portuguese, probably Catalan and French, and Italian, there is a tendency to distinguish by vowel height later on in the various languages depending on syllable type (e.g. closed/open).
* Perhaps write stressed open ɔ as uè (as an example).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language#Diphthongization_in_open_and_closed_syllables
==Grammar==
===Noun Declension===
Accent marks are temporary and for etymological reasons.
* '''-US as in ''FOCUS'' '''
:* NOM SING ''fuègus'' (or fuègos), PLU ''fuègi''
:* OBL SING ''fuègo'' PLU ''fuègos''
* '''-UM as in ''GYPSUM'' '''
:* NOM SING ''gesso~gisso'', PLU ''gessa~gissa''
:* OBL SING ''gesso~gisso'', PLU ''gessa~gissa'' or ''gessos~gissos''
(''The problem here is that gypsum would become either [jepso] or [jeiso]; either way, the palatalisation of [e] could shift it to [i]. The palatalised [p] variant could be a loanword too, as it normally refers to blackboard chalk, not the plaster material, and almost always appears as "giz" or an equivalent.'')
* '''-A as in ''CAPSA'' '''
:* NOM SING ''cassa'' PLU ''cassè''
:* OBL PLU ''cassa'' PLU ''cassas''
* '''-IS as in ''PISCIS'' '''
:* NOM SING ''peisses'' PLU ''peisses''
:* OBL SING ''peisse'' PLU ''peisses''
(''piscis > pexe-? poisson, pêche, peje, peixe, pez'')
* ''' ''RES'' '''
:* NOM SING ''rés'' PLU ''rés''
:* OBL SING ''rièm'' PLU ''rés''
* '''-O as in ''HOMO'' '''
:* NOM SING ''huemo'' PLU ''homnes''
:* OBL SING ''homne'' PLU ''homnes''
===Verb Conjugation===
Stolen from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_verbs
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
! Latin
! [[Vulgar Latin]]
! Spanish
! Portuguese
! Italian
! French
! '''ColloquialWestRom'''
! FormalWestRom
|-
| [[Infinitive]]
| amāre
| *amare
| amar
| amar
| amare
| aimer
| '''amar(e)'''
| amare
|------
| '''[[Indicative mood|Indicative]]'''<br />[[Present tense|Present]]
| amō<br />amās<br />amat<br />amāmus<br />amātis<br />amant
| *amo<br />*amas<br />*ama<br />*amamos<br />*amates<br />*aman
| amo<br />amas<br />ama<br />amamos<br />amáis<br />aman
| amo<br />amas<br />ama<br />amamos<br />amais<br />amam
| amo<br />ami<br />ama<br />amiamo<br />amate<br />amano
| aime<br />aimes<br />aime<br />aimons<br />aimez<br />aiment
| '''amó<br />amas<br />ama(t)<br />amamós<br />amais<br />aman(t)'''
| amo<br />amas<br />amat<br />amamos<br />amaðes<br />amant
|-
| [[Preterite]]
| amāvī<br />amāvistī<br />amāvit<br />amāvimus<br />amāvistis<br />amāvērunt
| *amai<br />*amasti<br />*amau<br />*amammos<br />*amastes<br />*amaron
| amé<br />amaste<br />amó<br />amamos<br />amasteis<br />amaron
| amei<br />amaste<br />amou<br />amamos<br />amastes<br />amaram
| amai<br />amasti<br />amò<br />amammo<br />amaste<br />amarono
| aimai<br />aimas<br />aima<br />aimâmes<br />aimâtes<br />aimèrent<sup>1</sup>
| '''amai<br />amaste<br />amau(t)<br />amamos<br />amastes<br />amaron(t)'''
| amai<br />amaesti<br />amaet<br />amaemos<br />amaestes<br />amaeront
|-
| [[Imperfect]]
| amābam<br />amābās<br />amābat<br />amābāmus<br />amābātis<br />amābant
| *amabã<br />*amabas<br />*amaba<br />*amabamos<br />*amabates<br />*amaban
| amaba<br />amabas<br />amaba<br />amábamos<br />amabais<br />amaban
| amava<br />amavas<br />amava<br />amávamos<br />amáveis<br />amavam
| amavo<br />amavi<br />amava<br />amavamo<br />amavate<br />amavano
| aimais<br />aimais<br />aimait<br />aimions<br />aimiez<br />aimaient
| '''amava<br />amavas<br />amava(t)<br />amavamos<br />amavais<br />amavant'''
| amava<br />amavas<br />amavat<br />amavamos<br />amavaðes<br />amavant
|-
| [[Pluperfect]]
| amāveram<br />amāveras<br />amāverat<br />amāverāmus<br />amāverātis<br />amāverant
| *amara<br />*amaras<br />*amara<br />*amaramos<br />*amarates<br />*amaran
| amara<br />amaras<br />amara<br />amáramos<br />amarais<br />amaran<sup>2</sup>
| amara<br />amaras<br />amara<br />amáramos<br />amáreis<br />amaram
|    <br />  <br /> -
|    <br />  <br /> -
| '''amara<br />amaras<br />amara(t)<br />amaramos<br />amarais<br />amarant'''
| amara<br />amaras<br />amarat<br />amaramos<br />amaraðes<br />amaront
|-
| [[Future]]<sup>7</sup>
| amābō<br />amābis<br />amābit<br />amābimus<br />amābitis<br />amābunt
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
|-
| [[Future perfect]]
| amāverō<br />amāveris<br />amāverit<br />amāverimus<br />amāveritis<br />amāverint
| *amare<br />*amares<br />*amare<br />*amaremos<br />*amaretes<br />*amaren
| amare<br />amares<br />amare<br />amáremos<br />amareis<br />amaren<sup>3,6</sup>
| amar<br />amares<br />amar<br />amarmos<br />amardes<br />amarem<sup>3</sup>
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| amare<br />amares<br />amare<br />amaremos<br />amareis<br />amarent
| amaro<br />amares<br />amaret<br />amaremos<br />amareðes<br />amarent
|-
| '''[[Subjunctive mood|Subjunctive]]'''<br />Present
| amem<br />amēs<br />amet<br />amēmus<br />amētis<br />ament
| *amẽ<br />*ames<br />*ame<br />*amemos<br />*ametes<br />*amen
| ame<br />ames<br />ame<br />amemos<br />améis<br />amen
| ame<br />ames<br />ame<br />amemos<br />ameis<br />amem
| ami<br />ami<br />ami<br />amiamo<br />amiate<br />amino
| aime<br />aimes<br />aime<br />aimions<br />aimiez<br />aiment
| ame<br />ames<br />amet<br />amemos<br />ameis<br />ament
| ame<br />ames<br />amet<br />amemos<br />ameðes<br />ament
|-
| Perfect
| amāverim<br />amāveris<br />amaverit<br />amāverimus<br />amāveritis<br />amāverint
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
|-
| Imperfect
| amārem<br />amārēs<br />amāret<br />amārēmus<br />amārētis<br />amārent
| *amarẽ<br />*amares<br />*amare<br />*amaremos<br />*amaretes<br />*amaren
| <br />  <br /> -
| amar<br />amares<br />amar<br />amarmos<br />amardes<br />amarem<sup>4</sup>
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| <br />  <br /> -
| amare<br />amares<br />amaret<br />amaremos<br />amareðes<br />amarent
|-
| Pluperfect
| amāvissem<br />amāvissēs<br />amāvisset<br />amāvissēmus<br />amāvissētis<br />amāvissent
| *amassẽ<br />*amasses<br />*amasse<br />*amassemos<br />*amassetes<br />*amassen
| amase<br />amases<br />amase<br />amásemos<br />amáseis<br />amasen<sup>5</sup>
| amasse<br />amasses<br />amasse<br />amássemos<br />amásseis<br />amassem<sup>5</sup>
| amassi<br />amassi<br />amasse<br />amassimo<br />amaste<br />amassero<sup>5</sup>
| aimasse<br />aimasses<br />aimât<br />aimassions<br />aimassiez<br />aimassent<sup>5,6</sup>
| amasse<br />amasses<br />amasse<br />amassemos<br />amasseis<br />amassent
| amaesse<br />amaesses<br />amaesset<br />amaessemos<br />amaesseðes<br />amaessent
|}
<small>
# Literary.
# Its meaning has mostly shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in modern Spanish. It is now usually interchangeable with ''amase'', ''amases'', ''amase'', etc. Nevertheless, a few rare uses as a pluperfect subsist.
# Its meaning has shifted to that of a future subjunctive in Spanish and Portuguese.
# Reanalysed as a personal infinitive. See [[#Semantic changes|below]].
# Its meaning has shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in most Romance languages. But note the normal use, in modern south-eastern Umbrian of ''amassimo'' instead of standard Italian ''amammo'' to express an indicative past perfect.
# Disused.
# The [[future tense|future indicative tense]] of the modern languages does not derive from the Latin form (which tended to be confounded with the preterite due to sound changes in Vulgar Latin), but rather from an infinitive + HABEO periphrasis, later [[grammaticalisation|reanalysed]] as a simple tense.
</small>
===Copula===
'''Indicative'''
*Present
: soc > sòi; estòi
*Perfect/Pret
: fui; estai?~estive
*Imperfect
: ero; estava
*Pluperfect
: fuera; estiv(i)era?
*Future
: (es)seraio~(es)serai; estaraio~estarai
'''Subjunctive'''
*Present
: se(j)a, sea, se, sei
*Perfect
: fuere, fuera?
*Imperfect
: esser-?
*Pluperfect
: fuisse, fuesse?

Latest revision as of 13:43, 25 February 2015

Phonology

Vowels

Stolen from Wikipedia:

Table of Old French outcomes of Latin vowels
Letter Classical
Latin 		Vulgar
Latin 		Proto
Western
Romance 		Early Old French
(through early 12th c.) 		Later Old French
(from late 12th c.)
closed open closed open
Short A /a/ /a/ ⟨a⟩ /a/ ⟨e, ie⟩ /æ, iə/ ⟨a⟩ /a/ ⟨e, ie⟩ /ɛ, jɛ/
Long A /aː/
AE /ai/ /ɛ/ ⟨e⟩ /ɛ/ ⟨ie⟩ /iə/ ⟨e⟩ /ɛ/ ⟨ie⟩ /jɛ/
Short E /e/
OE /oi/ /e/ /e/ ⟨e⟩ /e/ ⟨ei⟩ /ei/ ⟨oi⟩ /oi/ > /wɛ/
Long E /eː/
Short I /i/ /ɪ/
Short Y /y/
Long I /iː/ /i/ ⟨i⟩ /i/
Long Y /yː/
Short O /o/ /ɔ/ ⟨o⟩ /ɔ/ ⟨uo⟩ /uə/ ⟨o⟩ /ɔ/ ⟨ue⟩ /wɛ/ > /ø/
Long O /oː/ /o/ /o/ ⟨o⟩ /o/ ⟨ou⟩ /ou/ ⟨o(u)⟩ /u/ ⟨eu⟩ /eu/ > /ø/
Short U /u/ /ʊ/
Long U /uː/ /u/ ⟨u⟩ /y/
AU /aw/ /aw/ ⟨o⟩ /ɔ/

Chronology of Consonant related sound changes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_French#From_Vulgar_Latin_through_to_Proto-Western-Romance

  • sC- initial clusters become isC- (and thus ésC)
  • Loss of final -m except in monosyllables
  • Loss of H
  • ns > s
  • rs > ss sometime, rs othertimes
  • -er > -re; -or > -ro
  • -cəl-, -cər-, -gəl- and -gər- > cl, cr, gl, gr
  • kj > kkj
  • k + e,i etc > kj
  • g + e,i etc > gj
  • dj, (prior dj, gj, g+e/i >) gj > j

(Gallo-Ibero-Romance)

  • kj, tj > tsj ⟨c, z⟩
  • kkj > ttsj
  • kt > jt ⟨-it⟩
  • ks > js ⟨-is⟩
  • (Opt: open+stressed ɛ, ɔ > ie, uo (> ue in Fr/Sp))
  • nox > nocte > nojte > nuojte > nuite in French
  • First lenition: (intervocalic, and vCr) voiced plosives + unvoiced fricatives > v ð j, single unvoiced plosives > voiced
  • tsj > dzj (not ttsj)
  • pl > bl
  • Final t/d following a vowel lost?
  • nj, jn, jl, gl (from gn, ngj, gl, kl) > nj, lj
  • unstressed interior vowels lost except pretonic /a/; happened at same time as first lenition, thus manica > manche but granica > grange

Diphthong and vowel-height issue

  • ɛ and ɔ become ie and ue in French and Spanish open stressed syllables. They also become ie and ue in Spanish closed stressed syllables. They are merged in the case of Portuguese and most of Catalan.
  • In Portuguese, probably Catalan and French, and Italian, there is a tendency to distinguish by vowel height later on in the various languages depending on syllable type (e.g. closed/open).
  • Perhaps write stressed open ɔ as uè (as an example).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language#Diphthongization_in_open_and_closed_syllables

Grammar

Noun Declension

Accent marks are temporary and for etymological reasons.

  • -US as in FOCUS
  • NOM SING fuègus (or fuègos), PLU fuègi
  • OBL SING fuègo PLU fuègos
  • -UM as in GYPSUM
  • NOM SING gesso~gisso, PLU gessa~gissa
  • OBL SING gesso~gisso, PLU gessa~gissa or gessos~gissos

(The problem here is that gypsum would become either [jepso] or [jeiso]; either way, the palatalisation of [e] could shift it to [i]. The palatalised [p] variant could be a loanword too, as it normally refers to blackboard chalk, not the plaster material, and almost always appears as "giz" or an equivalent.)

  • -A as in CAPSA
  • NOM SING cassa PLU cassè
  • OBL PLU cassa PLU cassas
  • -IS as in PISCIS
  • NOM SING peisses PLU peisses
  • OBL SING peisse PLU peisses

(piscis > pexe-? poisson, pêche, peje, peixe, pez)

  • RES
  • NOM SING rés PLU rés
  • OBL SING rièm PLU rés
  • -O as in HOMO
  • NOM SING huemo PLU homnes
  • OBL SING homne PLU homnes

Verb Conjugation

Stolen from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_verbs

Latin Vulgar Latin Spanish Portuguese Italian French ColloquialWestRom FormalWestRom
Infinitive amāre *amare amar amar amare aimer amar(e) amare
Indicative
Present 		amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant 		*amo
*amas
*ama
*amamos
*amates
*aman 		amo
amas
ama
amamos
amáis
aman 		amo
amas
ama
amamos
amais
amam 		amo
ami
ama
amiamo
amate
amano 		aime
aimes
aime
aimons
aimez
aiment 		amó
amas
ama(t)
amamós
amais
aman(t) 		amo
amas
amat
amamos
amaðes
amant
Preterite amāvī
amāvistī
amāvit
amāvimus
amāvistis
amāvērunt 		*amai
*amasti
*amau
*amammos
*amastes
*amaron 		amé
amaste
amó
amamos
amasteis
amaron 		amei
amaste
amou
amamos
amastes
amaram 		amai
amasti
amò
amammo
amaste
amarono 		aimai
aimas
aima
aimâmes
aimâtes
aimèrent1 		amai
amaste
amau(t)
amamos
amastes
amaron(t) 		amai
amaesti
amaet
amaemos
amaestes
amaeront
Imperfect amābam
amābās
amābat
amābāmus
amābātis
amābant 		*amabã
*amabas
*amaba
*amabamos
*amabates
*amaban 		amaba
amabas
amaba
amábamos
amabais
amaban 		amava
amavas
amava
amávamos
amáveis
amavam 		amavo
amavi
amava
amavamo
amavate
amavano 		aimais
aimais
aimait
aimions
aimiez
aimaient 		amava
amavas
amava(t)
amavamos
amavais
amavant 		amava
amavas
amavat
amavamos
amavaðes
amavant
Pluperfect amāveram
amāveras
amāverat
amāverāmus
amāverātis
amāverant 		*amara
*amaras
*amara
*amaramos
*amarates
*amaran 		amara
amaras
amara
amáramos
amarais
amaran2 		amara
amaras
amara
amáramos
amáreis
amaram

-

- 		amara
amaras
amara(t)
amaramos
amarais
amarant 		amara
amaras
amarat
amaramos
amaraðes
amaront
Future7 amābō
amābis
amābit
amābimus
amābitis
amābunt

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
Future perfect amāverō
amāveris
amāverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint 		*amare
*amares
*amare
*amaremos
*amaretes
*amaren 		amare
amares
amare
amáremos
amareis
amaren3,6 		amar
amares
amar
amarmos
amardes
amarem3

-

- 		amare
amares
amare
amaremos
amareis
amarent 		amaro
amares
amaret
amaremos
amareðes
amarent
Subjunctive
Present 		amem
amēs
amet
amēmus
amētis
ament 		*amẽ
*ames
*ame
*amemos
*ametes
*amen 		ame
ames
ame
amemos
améis
amen 		ame
ames
ame
amemos
ameis
amem 		ami
ami
ami
amiamo
amiate
amino 		aime
aimes
aime
aimions
aimiez
aiment 		ame
ames
amet
amemos
ameis
ament 		ame
ames
amet
amemos
ameðes
ament
Perfect amāverim
amāveris
amaverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
Imperfect amārem
amārēs
amāret
amārēmus
amārētis
amārent 		*amarẽ
*amares
*amare
*amaremos
*amaretes
*amaren

- 		amar
amares
amar
amarmos
amardes
amarem4

-

-

- 		amare
amares
amaret
amaremos
amareðes
amarent
Pluperfect amāvissem
amāvissēs
amāvisset
amāvissēmus
amāvissētis
amāvissent 		*amassẽ
*amasses
*amasse
*amassemos
*amassetes
*amassen 		amase
amases
amase
amásemos
amáseis
amasen5 		amasse
amasses
amasse
amássemos
amásseis
amassem5 		amassi
amassi
amasse
amassimo
amaste
amassero5 		aimasse
aimasses
aimât
aimassions
aimassiez
aimassent5,6 		amasse
amasses
amasse
amassemos
amasseis
amassent 		amaesse
amaesses
amaesset
amaessemos
amaesseðes
amaessent

  1. Literary.
  2. Its meaning has mostly shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in modern Spanish. It is now usually interchangeable with amase, amases, amase, etc. Nevertheless, a few rare uses as a pluperfect subsist.
  3. Its meaning has shifted to that of a future subjunctive in Spanish and Portuguese.
  4. Reanalysed as a personal infinitive. See below.
  5. Its meaning has shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in most Romance languages. But note the normal use, in modern south-eastern Umbrian of amassimo instead of standard Italian amammo to express an indicative past perfect.
  6. Disused.
  7. The future indicative tense of the modern languages does not derive from the Latin form (which tended to be confounded with the preterite due to sound changes in Vulgar Latin), but rather from an infinitive + HABEO periphrasis, later reanalysed as a simple tense.

Copula

Indicative

  • Present
soc > sòi; estòi
  • Perfect/Pret
fui; estai?~estive
  • Imperfect
ero; estava
  • Pluperfect
fuera; estiv(i)era?
  • Future
(es)seraio~(es)serai; estaraio~estarai

Subjunctive

  • Present
se(j)a, sea, se, sei
  • Perfect
fuere, fuera?
  • Imperfect
esser-?
  • Pluperfect
fuisse, fuesse?
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