An Bhlaoighne: Difference between revisions

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In-universe conlang stealing morphemes from Windermere (like 1sg r, 2sg ł), Irish (samhradh for summer etc.), Camalic, and Indo-Iranian/Greek?
{{list subpages}}


== Todo ==
{{Infobox language
''gús'' 'and'
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = An Bhlaoighne Qheo
|pronunciation= an bʰlaojgʰne !ʰeo
|familycolor=constructed
|region =  
|script=Latin
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
'''An Bhlaoighne Qheo''' /an bʰlaojgʰne !ʰeo/
'the special/holy speech', shortened as '''An Bhlaoighne''', is a conlang inspired by reading Irish orthography literally (for example: ''seamh'' /seamh/). It was originally created by [[User:Praimhín]].


''a fhloc a ghís'' 'etc.'
It is also inspired by coincidences between Hebrew and Irish.
==Todo==
-í adjectives become -íd nouns (-īd was '-ity' in my first thensarian)


''go dhxíogh'' 'good'
i gliashón = ?


''um...'' 'um...'
What does -aigh mean?


''peighe'' 'street'
cleopatra, cleopatramh, cleopatraigh = ?


''noir'' 'black'
Make the grammar as un-European as a Standard Average Talman language can get (Irish and Hebrew count as Standard Average Talman for this purpose, but we aren't using tricons)


''líobh'' 'to want'
Non-European Eevo features
* Specificity but no definiteness marking in articles in Dheofáid
*Lack of grammatical number in Dheofáid
*Prepositional suffixes for nouns, like Eevo ''hmawg lly'' etc.
*Topic-comment structure
*Construct state
*Natural gender in Dheofáid (rare in SAE)
* difference between is-a and is-the (only in Goidelic?)
Non-European Anbirese features
* Turkish style evidentiality?
** past participle is unmarked, preterite is hearsay
* Split ergativity
* Finnish-style multiple infinitives
* Infinitive absolute
* Inalienable v. alienable possession (construct/suffixes for inalienable, an equivalent of "shel" for alienable)
* "muches to forgive" type cóntructions (also in Hebrew)
Non-European Naeng features
* No morphological comparatives
* non-definite specific articles
* Negation in complement clauses are not raised as in English ("I think not-X" = 'I don't think X')
* Adjectives are more verbal than nominal
Non-European Tseer features
* Possessive pronoun suffixes
* Predicative pronoun suffixes (for "is-a")
* Telicity
* Pluractionality: marked with a prefix?


Gussnish inspired descendant
==Prescriptive phonology==
a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞ i o̞ u ä: e̞: i: o̞: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count!


==Phonology==
b c d f g h l m n p q r s t x
/b k d̪ f g h~ɦ l̪ m n̪ p ! r s t̪ {{Welsh ll}}/


Phonology of An Bhlaoighne:
''s'' may be dental or alveolar.
a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞~ɛ i o̞~ɔ u a: ɛ: i: o: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count!


b c d f g h l m n p q r s t x
As an orthoepic measure, a glottal stop is prescriptively added to vowel-initial words and initial prenasalized consonants: ''an mblaoighne'' [an ʔᵐblaojgʰne].
/b k d̪ f g h l̪ m n̪ p tɬ r s t̪ ɬ/
 
nn doesn't assimilate to a following velar whereas n does.
 
The letters 0bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated.
 
Aspiration (often called lenition):
h bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh
/h bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ !ʰ sʰ t̪ʰ ɬʰ/


The letters bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated.
Prenasalization (aka eclipsis):
n- mb gc nd bhf ng _ bp gq dhs dt dhx
/n̪ ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp ᵑ! dʰs ⁿt̪ dʰɬ/


Aspiration:
Prescriptively, nouns beginning in sp st sc sq sm are not subject to mutation. However, descriptively they may lenite to ''sph sth sch sqh shm''.
bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh
=== Phonotactics ===
/bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ tɬʰ sʰ t̪ʰ ɬʰ/
Similar to literally read Irish, but ''cht'' is disallowed.
===Intonation ===
Prescriptively, basically identical to our Czech. Stress is invariably weakly initial.


Prenasalization:
== Evolution ==
mb gc nd bhf ng _ mp nq dhs dt dhx
fh sh become /h 2/ initially and /v z/ otherwise
/ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp ⁿtɬ dʰs ⁿt̪ dʰɬ/


===Sindarin analog===
Non-initial ph th qh ch are preglottalized: ''béarrach'' [be̞ːarːaʔkʰ]
<poem>
ai -> e
ái -> ä́ -> ia
ao -> å -> o
ea -> ia
ei -> e
eo -> ö́ -> io
aoi, eoi -> í
eo -> o
ia -> ie
io -> io
oi -> e
ua -> uo
uai -> í


éa -> é
A glottal stop is added after a word-final vowel
eá -> á
eó -> ó
eói -> é
éi -> ei
ío -> io
iú -> ǘ -> iu
iúi -> í
ói -> é
oí -> í
úi, uí -> í


prepositions
aío in spoken An Bhlaoighne sounds like /aɟːo/, so tanaíodh /tanaɟːoðʱ/


to: eis -> sós, smedh, san, es
ío sounds like /iɟːo/
from: chois éinn go na -> hios, hiomedh, hion, hion
in: ni -> nis, nimedh, nin, nin
away from: ni amhaidh na -> aus, aumedh, aun, aun
with: ro -> ros, romedh, ron, ron
without: go ríste na -> rís, rímedh, rín, rín
like: qe -> qes, qemedh, qen, qen
unlike: xa aghabh na -> xás, xámedh, xán, xán


passive: go leath 'to pass'
ao aoi are often /au ɑy/
causative: go dhaimh 'to give'
reflexive: go dhsinn 'to share'


causative construction:
aí oí uí > Lithuanian aĩ uĩ uĩ or Vietnamese ây uy uy


to cause X to Y the/a Z = dhaimh Y Z ro X
bhf dhs = /b{{tiebar}}vʱ d{{tiebar}}zʱ/


Clicks become uvulars: q qh gq > /q qʰ ɴ~ɢ/


=== Some reading tradition (in MB) ===
''ai'' = /ai/, ''a'' = /a:/, ''ái'' = /a::i/, ''á'' = /a:::/, ''ea'' = /ea/, ''eá'' = /ea::/, ''eái'' = /ea:i/, etc. (vowels with no fada are two morae, vowels with fada are 4 morae; a component with fada should always be longer than one without)


ise = an bhl root for 'this'
''ae'' /a:e:/, ''aei'' /a:ei/,
ni n-uais ise -> nuaiste -> "sindarin" níst 'today'
''ao'' /a:o:/, ''aoi'' /a:oi/, ''eo'' /e:o:/, ''eoi'' /e:oi/
ni dhxeóthaigh ise -> "sindarin" λioþis 'this year'


díse, keves, ξiche, saureð = fall, winter, spring, summer
''í'' is treated as ''íi'' (because ''ío'' is /i::o/ and í is the "slender" version)
díses, kevest, ξiches, saures = this fall, this winter, this spring, this summer
</poem>


===Prosody===
róisín /ro::isi::in/
====Stress====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
== Writing ==
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
An Bhlaoighne is written in the Latin alphabet in Gaelic type, called "An Uathméal Róisín", because it's the first alphabet devised for the language. In addition Dheofáid uses an alphabet called "An Uathméal ___".
===Morphophonology===


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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Both the definite and indefinite articles are 'an' in the singular, 'na' in the plural.
Both the definite and indefinite articles are 'an' in the singular, 'na' in the plural.


''óis'' 'one' + plural definite and ''mhaidh'' 'some' + plural definite are often used instead of indefinite articles.
''óis'' 'one' + plural definite and ''mhaidh'' 'some' + plural definite are often used instead of indefinite articles. The full declensions are only used in ceremonial contexts.


===Gender and declensions===
===Nouns===
==== Declension ====
The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has ten declensions.
The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has ten declensions.
* The plural has the mutations in reverse order from the singular when listed according to gender.
* The gender determines the singular indefinite and definite mutations (the definite has the corresponding mutation in Old Irish, and the indefinite has an offset of +1 from the definite.)
* The declension 1, 2, 3 determines which gender has the same mutation for definite singular and definite plural (1 = m, 2 = f, 3 = n) and which gender has the same mutation for the indef. singular and indef. plural (1 = n, 2 = m, 3 = f).


First declension masculine:
First declension masculine:
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{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''fiodenn'' 'honor' - 3rd decl. neut.
! colspan="3" | ''fiodainn'' 'honor' - 3rd decl. neut.
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |  
! style="width: 90px;" |  
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|-
|-
! Indefinite
! Indefinite
| ''an fiodenn'' || ''na fhiodenn''
| ''an fiodainn'' || ''na fhiodainn''
|-
|-
! Definite
! Definite
| ''an bhfiodenn'' || ''na bhfiodenn''
| ''an bhfiodainn'' || ''na bhfiodainn''
|}
|}


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There's also a 'grab bag' class of nouns that begin with consonants that can't be mutated. The gender of a noun in this class is determined solely by meaning, and there is no way to differentiate between its definite and indefinite form.
There's also a 'grab bag' class of nouns that begin with consonants that can't be mutated. The gender of a noun in this class is determined solely by meaning, and there is no way to differentiate between its definite and indefinite form.


===Tenses===
==== Construct state ====
present: ceis, cean (with the article)
LIke Hebrew but unlike Irish, An Bhlaoighne has construct state but no case. A noun in construct state always lenites the following noun unless there is an article in between (should depend on declension probs). The construct can be irregular, but is regularly formed in the following ways:
past: éadh, éan (with the article)
*  If the noun ends in a consonant, the construct state is formed by ''adding'' ''-a/-e''.
future: liobh, lian (with the article)
*  If the noun ends in an unstressed ''-a/-e'', the construct is formed by ''removing'' ''-a/-e''.
aorist ("timeless"): fo, fon
* Monosyllabic open-syllable nouns are more irregular: ''dó'' 'city', construct state ''dá''.
===== Placing the article in a construct chain =====
Prescriptively, there are two possible ways to place the article in a construct noun phrase:
# A construct chain can have the article placed before the whole chain: ''an Chló Fhábh'' 'Clofabin River' (which mutates the first noun according to its declension), and lenition triggered by preceding construct state nouns is applied as usual.
# <!-- inspired by "beit-halachmi" --> Especially when a suffix is added to the whole phrase, the article may be placed right before the last word: ''Cló an Fhábhaí'' 'the Clofabian (person)', ''Cló an Fhábhais'' 'the Clofabian language'. The article's number is the number of the whole noun phrase. The article forces the last word to mutate the same way as the ''first'' noun in the chain; this distinguishes, for example, ''NOUN1 an1 NOUN2-í'' (-í modifies the whole phrase "NOUN1 NOUN2") and ''NOUN1 an2 NOUN2-í'' (-í modifies NOUN2).
 
Descriptively, only the first construction is used.
 
==== Pronouns ====
Independent pronouns:
* rúr: I
* qéiq: thou
* áix: he
* áig: she
* ár: sg they
* annsan: this
* annan: that, it
* léil: we (exc)
* dhéidh: we (inc)
* bhéibh: ye
* annana: they
 
==== Possessive suffixes ====
Noun possession suffixes are similar to preposition inflection (as in Hebrew). They are added to construct forms.
 
''pairín, pairín'' 'house(s)': ''pairíniúr, pairíniq, pairínear, pairíneannsa, pairíneann, pairínil, pairínidh, pairínibh, pairíneanna''
 
''gurbán, gurbáin'' 'cat':
''gurbáiniúr, gurbáiniq, ...''
 
If the construct form is a monosyllabic open syllable, -th- is added before the suffix:
 
''dó, dá'' 'city':
''dáthúr, dáthaiq, dáthar, dáthannsa, dáthann, dáthail, dáthaidh, dáthaibh, dáthanna''
 
Emphatic pronoun suffixes are reduplicated forms similar to independent pronouns:
* ''pairínearúr, pairíniqéiq, pairíneár, pairíneannsan, pairíneannan, pairíniléil, pairínidhéidh, pairínibhéibh, pairíneannana''
 
=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives agree with nouns in mutation, and they always take ''an/na'' (because Hebrew)?
 
An Bhlaoighne has no morphological comparatives or superlatives. ''eothar'' 'more', ''eo'' 'as much', ''eothamh'' 'most' and ''ho, fa, af'' 'than (lit. from)' are used.
 
=== Relative clauses ===
''do''


*''Fon cealim go bhfóina.'' /fon kealim go bʰfo:jna/ 'The table is white'  
=== Demonstratives ===
*''Cean beathra go dhxeathar.'' /kean beatʰra go dʰɬeatʰar/ 'The man is walking'
* ''ann an bpairín'' = that house
*''Cean bheathra go mblaoigh.'' /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰ/ 'A man is speaking'
* ''anns an bpairín''/''ann an bpairínse'' = this house
** the choice of -se or -sa is determined by "bwb sws": ''ann an beathrasa'' 'this man'
* ''ann'' = that
* ''annsa'' = this
 
===Tense particles===
The past tense uses a finite verb form.
* present progressive: ceis, cean (with the article)
* future: liobh, lian (with the article)
* originally aorist ("timeless"), now present habitual: fo, fon
 
*''Fon cealim go bhfóine.'' /fon kealim go bʰfo:jne/ 'The table is white'  
*''Cean beathra go gxeathair.'' /kean beatʰra go ŋ|eatʰajr/ 'The man is walking'
*''Cean bheathra go mblaoighne.'' /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰne/ 'A man is speaking'
(''go''+prenasalization literally means 'in')
(''go''+prenasalization literally means 'in')
===Prepositions fusing with 'an'===


*'in': ''go'' + ''an'' = ''ni'', ''go'' + ''na'' = ''in''
===Prepositions===
*'with': ''ro'' + ''an'' = ''ca'', ''ro'' + ''na'' = ''ac''
 
*'to': ''eis'' + ''an'' = ''sa'', ''eis'' + ''na'' = ''as''
*'in': ''go'' (+E) + ''an'' = ''ni'', ''go'' + ''na'' = ''in''
*'like': ''qe'' + ''an'' = ''xa'', ''qe'' + ''na'' = ''ax''
*'at': ''bho'' (+mut), ''ra'', ''ar''
*'on': ''i'' (+L), ''i'' + ''an'' = ''ma'', ''i'' + ''na'' = ''am''
*'with (com)': ''ro'' (+ no mut) + ''an'' = ''ca'', ''ro'' + ''na'' = ''ac''
*'to': ''eis'' (+no mut) + ''an'' = ''sa'', ''eis'' + ''na'' = ''as''
*'like': ''qe'' (+no mut) + ''an'' = ''xa'', ''qe'' + ''na'' = ''ax''
*'from': ''ho'' (+E), ''fa'', ''af''
* 'with (inst), by': ''no'', ''ba'', ''ab''
* 'through': ''blí''
* 'without': ''trí''


===Inflected prepositions===
===Inflected prepositions===


I, you, he/she, this, that, we, you, they
I, you, he/she, this, that, we.ex, we.in, you, they
 
niúr, néiq, near, neannsa, neann, néil, néidh, néibh, neanna
 
cúr, cóiq, cór, cónnsa, cónn, cóil, cóidh, cóibh, cónna
 
qiúr, qéiq, qear, qeannsa, qeann, qéil, qéidh, qéibh, qeanna
 
Tense particles also inflect:
 
ceis: c(eis)iúr, ceisiq/cíq, c(eis)ear, c(eis)eannsa, c(eis)eann, ceisil/cíl, ceisidh/cídh, c(eis)ibh/cíbh, c(eis)eanna
 
éadh: é(adh)úr, éiq, éar, éannsa, éann, éil, éidh, éibh, éanna
 
liobh: liúr, líq, liar, liannsa, liann, líl, lídh, líbh, lianna
 
fo: fúr, fóiq, fór, fónnsa, fónn, fóil, fóidh, fóibh, fónna
 
===Adverbs===
 
Adverbs are marked with the ending -ach.
 
=== Verbs ===
An Bhlaoighne verbs have only 2 principal parts: the imperative and the verbal noun. Dictionaries cite the verbal noun in the form that follows the definite article ''an''. All verbal nouns are 3rd declension feminine.


eisiúr, eiséiq, eisear, eiseannsa, eiseann, eisidh, eisibh, eiseanna
An example dictionary entry: "pól, an phólanna = to fall"


(originally he and she were distinguished as eisean, eiseas)
''xe''+L for pluractionality, combines with go to form ''qo''+L


niúr, néiq, near, neannsa, neann, néidh, néibh, neanna
''Fon lachnamh go dhsianna'' 'the worker builds' (unmarked for pluractionality, but often means the building happens once or to one thing)


rúr, róiq, rór, rónnsa, rónn, róidh, róibh, rónna
''Fon lachnamh qo shianna'' (the worker builds often/many things)


qiúr, qéiq, qear, qeannsa, qeann, qéidh, qéibh, qeanna
The citation form is the imperative:
* ''Sia!'' 'Build (thou) it!'
** The plural is formed with ''-ibh'': ''Siaibh!'' 'Build (ye)!' This is lost in Dheofáid.
* ''Xe shia!'' 'Build (thou) them!'
* ''Aoigh!'' 'Run (thou)!'
* ''Xe h-aoighibh!'' (proscribed but common: ''Xe h-aoigh!'') 'Run, you people!'


Tense particles also inflect:  
The preterite tense, which uses ergative and VOS syntax, is formed with ''cho'' + N + imperative or ''xeach'' + N + imperative:
 
* ''Cho dhsia ab lachnamh'' (The workers built something)
* ''Xeach dhsia ab lachnamh'' (The workers built many things)
* ''Cho dhsia an bpairín ab lachnamh'' (The workers built the house)
* ''Cho dhsiann ab lachnamh'' (The workers built it)
* Prescriptively: ''Xeach dhsia'''nna''' ab lachnamh'' (The workers built them) vs ''Xeach dhsia'''nn''' ab lachnamh'' (The workers built the same thing over and over). However, people usually say the latter for both senses.


ceis: c(eis)iúr, ceisiq/cíq, c(eis)ear, c(eis)eannsa, c(eis)eann, ceisidh/cídh, c(eis)ibh/cíbh, c(eis)eanna
=== Translating "be" ===


éadh: éadhúr, éiq, éar, éannsa, éann, éidh, éibh, éanna
===Derivational morphology===
* -dhár: relating to, full of
** ceifheardhár = loving
* -aid: VM
* -áid: VN for verbs ending in -adh
* -anna, -na/ne, -air, -aid: verbal noun suffixes
* -amh: agentive
* -ín: places ("slenderizes" the last consonant except -ch)
* -í: adjective
* -t(h)(e)ar: places? (from Naeng)


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
An Bhlaoighne is strictly head-initial.
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
Conjunctions, "infinitive clauses"
=== Fronting ===
Focusing


==Numerals==
==Numerals==
Ordinals are formed by affixing the circumfix ro-[root]-ín. (ro- does not mutate). This construction literally means "of the nth place" using the place suffix -ín.


*0 = ''dírabh'' /di:rabʰ/
Numerals always come before, and lenite, the noun they modify.
*1 = ''óis'' /o:js/
 
*2 = ''réix'' /re:jɬ/
*0 = ''dírabh'' /di:rabʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro-díraibhín'')
*3 = ''daobhe'' /daobʰe/
*1 = ''óis'' /o:js/ (ordinal: ''róisín'')
*4 = ''fuín'' /fwi:n/
*2 = ''réix'' /re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''ro-réixín'')
*5 = ''seamh'' /seamʰ/
*3 = ''daobhe'' /daobʰe/, ''daobh'' (ordinal: ''ro-daoibhín'')
*6 = ''taca'' /taka/
*4 = ''fuín'' /fwi:n/ (ordinal: ''ro-fuínín'')
*7 = ''óista n-óis'' /o:jsta no:js/
*5 = ''seamh'' /seamʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro-seimhín'')
*8 = ''óista réix'' /o:jsta re:jɬ/
*6 = ''taca'' /taka/ (ordinal: ''ro-taicín'')
*9 = ''óista ndaobhe'' /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/
*7 = ''óista n-óis'' /o:jsta no:js/ (ordinal: ''róistanóisín'')
*10 = ''óista bhfuín'' /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/
*8 = ''óista réix'' /o:jsta re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''róistaréixín'')
*9 = ''óista ndaobh'' /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/
*10 = ''óista bhfuín'' /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/; ''beall''
*11 = ''óista dhseamh'' /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/
*11 = ''óista dhseamh'' /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/
*12 = ''réixta'' /re:jɬta/
*12 = ''réixta'' /re:jɬta/
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*30 = ''seamhta'' /seamʰta/
*30 = ''seamhta'' /seamʰta/
*36 = ''gról'' /gro:l/
*36 = ''gról'' /gro:l/
*37 = ''gról d'óis'' /gro:l do:js/
*37 = ''gról óis'' /gro:l o:js/
*38 = ''gról da réix'' /gro:l da re:jɬ/
*38 = ''gról réix'' /gro:l re:jɬ/
...
...
*72 = ''réix gról''
*72 = ''réix gról''
...
...
*1295 = ''seamhta dhseamh gról da seamhta dhseamh''
*1295 = ''seamhta dhseamh gról seamhta dhseamh''
*1296 = ''qaoiche'' /tɬaojkʰe/
*1296 = ''qaoiche'' /tɬaojkʰe/


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==Modern An Bhlaoighne==
==Modern An Bhlaoighne==


Modern An Bhlaoighne, or ''An Bhlaoighne do Dheofáid'' (pronounced /vlaːn ðɪfʊid/, or /vlaːnfʊid/ in rapid speech) is the most popular in-universe conlang in Crackfic Irta and has more native speakers in Cualuav than many natlangs (most of them immigrants from Irta). Its pronunciation is much simpler and more eroded but its orthography is pretty much the same as An Bhlaoighne, which makes for some really bloated spellings, and even whole words can be silent, like "na" which serves as a noun marker in written Dheofáid.
Modern An Bhlaoighne, or ''An Bhlaoighne do Dheofáid'' (pronounced /fl{{breathy|a}}ːn θɪvʊid̪/, or /fl{{breathy|a}}ːnvʊid̪/ in rapid speech) is the most popular in-universe conlang in Future Crackfic Tricin and has more native speakers in Cualand than many natlangs. Its pronunciation is much simpler and more eroded but its orthography is pretty much the same as An Bhlaoighne, which makes for some really bloated spellings, and even whole words can be silent, like "na" which serves as a noun marker in written Dheofáid.


An Dheofáid uses a version of Square Word Calligraphy.
An Dheofáid uses a version of Square Word Calligraphy.


An Dheofáid has no noun genders or declensions; the definite plural is the only form of a noun that survives (except in the occasional instance where the definite singular becomes a singulative).
An Dheofáid has no noun genders or declensions; the definite plural is the only form of a noun that survives (except in the occasional instance where the definite singular becomes a singulative).
===Diachronics===
Full on e/i and o/u mergers, including ei->í, ea->ia, aoi->aui etc. followed by Khmerization? Dheofáid needs as much orthographic vowel craziness as English or Khmer


===Phonology===
===Phonology===
Dheofáid phonology is not too different from Brythonic Celtic languages. There are lots of vowel/diphthong mergers though some An Bhlaoighne monophthongs turned into diphthongs like í /ei/.
Initially all 4 stop series of An Bhlaoighne remain distinct: ''t th d dh'' become /t̪⁼ t̪ʰ ð θ/. However, posttonic t and d both become /d̪/, and posttonic th and dh both become /ð/ (-ch and -gh become /x/ and -gh sometimes -j or -w)
 
Early Dheofáid has suprasegmental breathy voice deriving from post-tonic breathy voiced consonants ''bh dh fh gh mh sh'': ''rámhann'' 'its homology' becomes /r{{breathy|a}}{{breathy|ɨ}}m{{breathy|ə}}n/ but ''rámann'' 'its porch' becomes /raɨmən/. Breathy voice conditions a vowel split in later Dheofáid, as in Old Khmer to Modern Khmer. The phonology is otherwise not too different from Brythonic Celtic languages. There are lots of vowel/diphthong mergers though some An Bhlaoighne monophthongs turned into diphthongs like í /ei/.
====Silent gh====
====Silent gh====
Dheofáid has vowel coloring from former gh - íogh sounds like /iw/.
Dheofáid has vowel coloring from former gh - íogh sounds like /iw/.
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c, g and ch undergo a broad/slender split: cealim sounds like /tʃələm/
c, g and ch undergo a broad/slender split: cealim sounds like /tʃələm/
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
In addition to the standard orthography, An Dheofáid uses ''Ann An Leannathaimh na Fiolltagh'' /ɪn lant̪ɪv fɛlte/ (Children's Alphabet) which is more phonetic. The An Leannathaimh na Fiolltagh is also a romanization but has various invented and Greek letters for sounds not present in An Bhlaoighne.
The An Leannathaimh na Fiolltagh is standard in some parts of Cualand.


===Grammar===
===Grammar===
Dheofáid has part of speech markers like Esperanto, but they're standalone words and are silent. Some of these part of speech markers are
Dheofáid has part of speech markers like Esperanto, but they're standalone words and are silent. Some of these part of speech markers are
*na for nouns
*na for nouns
**an for singulative and mass nouns
**an for proper, singulative and mass nouns
*do for adjectives
*do for adjectives and subordinate clauses -- it was originally a relative clause marker
 
Number is not marked morphologically in Dheofáid. However, pluractionality is mamdatory.
 
===Sociolinguistics===
Speakers of Dheofáid think An Bhlaoighne is pronounced like it.


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Zul]]
[[Category:M-Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]]

Latest revision as of 04:23, 23 June 2023

Pages with the prefix 'An Bhlaoighne' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:
An Bhlaoighne
An Bhlaoighne Qheo
Pronunciation[an bʰlaojgʰne !ʰeo]
Created byPraimhín
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

An Bhlaoighne Qheo /an bʰlaojgʰne !ʰeo/ 'the special/holy speech', shortened as An Bhlaoighne, is a conlang inspired by reading Irish orthography literally (for example: seamh /seamh/). It was originally created by User:Praimhín.

It is also inspired by coincidences between Hebrew and Irish.

Todo

-í adjectives become -íd nouns (-īd was '-ity' in my first thensarian)

i gliashón = ?

What does -aigh mean?

cleopatra, cleopatramh, cleopatraigh = ?

Make the grammar as un-European as a Standard Average Talman language can get (Irish and Hebrew count as Standard Average Talman for this purpose, but we aren't using tricons)

Non-European Eevo features

  • Specificity but no definiteness marking in articles in Dheofáid
  • Lack of grammatical number in Dheofáid
  • Prepositional suffixes for nouns, like Eevo hmawg lly etc.
  • Topic-comment structure
  • Construct state
  • Natural gender in Dheofáid (rare in SAE)
  • difference between is-a and is-the (only in Goidelic?)

Non-European Anbirese features

  • Turkish style evidentiality?
    • past participle is unmarked, preterite is hearsay
  • Split ergativity
  • Finnish-style multiple infinitives
  • Infinitive absolute
  • Inalienable v. alienable possession (construct/suffixes for inalienable, an equivalent of "shel" for alienable)
  • "muches to forgive" type cóntructions (also in Hebrew)

Non-European Naeng features

  • No morphological comparatives
  • non-definite specific articles
  • Negation in complement clauses are not raised as in English ("I think not-X" = 'I don't think X')
  • Adjectives are more verbal than nominal

Non-European Tseer features

  • Possessive pronoun suffixes
  • Predicative pronoun suffixes (for "is-a")
  • Telicity
  • Pluractionality: marked with a prefix?

Prescriptive phonology

a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞ i o̞ u ä: e̞: i: o̞: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count!

b c d f g h l m n p q r s t x /b k d̪ f g h~ɦ l̪ m n̪ p ! r s t̪ ɬ/

s may be dental or alveolar.

As an orthoepic measure, a glottal stop is prescriptively added to vowel-initial words and initial prenasalized consonants: an mblaoighne [an ʔᵐblaojgʰne].

nn doesn't assimilate to a following velar whereas n does.

The letters 0bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated.

Aspiration (often called lenition): h bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh /h bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ !ʰ sʰ t̪ʰ ɬʰ/

Prenasalization (aka eclipsis): n- mb gc nd bhf ng _ bp gq dhs dt dhx /n̪ ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp ᵑ! dʰs ⁿt̪ dʰɬ/

Prescriptively, nouns beginning in sp st sc sq sm are not subject to mutation. However, descriptively they may lenite to sph sth sch sqh shm.

Phonotactics

Similar to literally read Irish, but cht is disallowed.

Intonation

Prescriptively, basically identical to our Czech. Stress is invariably weakly initial.

Evolution

fh sh become /h 2/ initially and /v z/ otherwise

Non-initial ph th qh ch are preglottalized: béarrach [be̞ːarːaʔkʰ]

A glottal stop is added after a word-final vowel

aío in spoken An Bhlaoighne sounds like /aɟːo/, so tanaíodh /tanaɟːoðʱ/

ío sounds like /iɟːo/

ao aoi are often /au ɑy/

aí oí uí > Lithuanian aĩ uĩ uĩ or Vietnamese ây uy uy

bhf dhs = /b͡vʱ d͡zʱ/

Clicks become uvulars: q qh gq > /q qʰ ɴ~ɢ/

Some reading tradition (in MB)

ai = /ai/, a = /a:/, ái = /a::i/, á = /a:::/, ea = /ea/, = /ea::/, eái = /ea:i/, etc. (vowels with no fada are two morae, vowels with fada are 4 morae; a component with fada should always be longer than one without)

ae /a:e:/, aei /a:ei/, ao /a:o:/, aoi /a:oi/, eo /e:o:/, eoi /e:oi/

í is treated as íi (because ío is /i::o/ and í is the "slender" version)

róisín /ro::isi::in/

Writing

An Bhlaoighne is written in the Latin alphabet in Gaelic type, called "An Uathméal Róisín", because it's the first alphabet devised for the language. In addition Dheofáid uses an alphabet called "An Uathméal ___".

Morphology

Article

Both the definite and indefinite articles are 'an' in the singular, 'na' in the plural.

óis 'one' + plural definite and mhaidh 'some' + plural definite are often used instead of indefinite articles. The full declensions are only used in ceremonial contexts.

Nouns

Declension

The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has ten declensions.

  • The plural has the mutations in reverse order from the singular when listed according to gender.
  • The gender determines the singular indefinite and definite mutations (the definite has the corresponding mutation in Old Irish, and the indefinite has an offset of +1 from the definite.)
  • The declension 1, 2, 3 determines which gender has the same mutation for definite singular and definite plural (1 = m, 2 = f, 3 = n) and which gender has the same mutation for the indef. singular and indef. plural (1 = n, 2 = m, 3 = f).

First declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. no mutation

First declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. prenasalization

First declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. aspiration

Second declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. prenasalization

Second declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. aspiration

Second declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. no mutation

Third declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. aspiration

Third declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. no mutation

Third declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. prenasalization

Examples:

bheathra 'man' - 2nd decl. masc.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an bheathra na bheathra
Definite an beathra na mbeathra
chealim 'table' - 1st decl. masc.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an chealim na gcealim
Definite an cealim na cealim
mblaoighne 'language' - 1st decl. fem.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an mblaoighne na bhlaoighne
Definite an bhlaoighne na mblaoighne
fiodainn 'honor' - 3rd decl. neut.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an fiodainn na fhiodainn
Definite an bhfiodainn na bhfiodainn
páirín 'house' - 2nd decl. neut.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an páirín na bpáirín
Definite an bpáirín na páirín

(Nouns beginning with 'm' can only be 2nd decl masc, 2nd dec fem, 3rd decl masc or 1st decl fem)

There's also a 'grab bag' class of nouns that begin with consonants that can't be mutated. The gender of a noun in this class is determined solely by meaning, and there is no way to differentiate between its definite and indefinite form.

Construct state

LIke Hebrew but unlike Irish, An Bhlaoighne has construct state but no case. A noun in construct state always lenites the following noun unless there is an article in between (should depend on declension probs). The construct can be irregular, but is regularly formed in the following ways:

  • If the noun ends in a consonant, the construct state is formed by adding -a/-e.
  • If the noun ends in an unstressed -a/-e, the construct is formed by removing -a/-e.
  • Monosyllabic open-syllable nouns are more irregular: 'city', construct state .
Placing the article in a construct chain

Prescriptively, there are two possible ways to place the article in a construct noun phrase:

  1. A construct chain can have the article placed before the whole chain: an Chló Fhábh 'Clofabin River' (which mutates the first noun according to its declension), and lenition triggered by preceding construct state nouns is applied as usual.
  2. Especially when a suffix is added to the whole phrase, the article may be placed right before the last word: Cló an Fhábhaí 'the Clofabian (person)', Cló an Fhábhais 'the Clofabian language'. The article's number is the number of the whole noun phrase. The article forces the last word to mutate the same way as the first noun in the chain; this distinguishes, for example, NOUN1 an1 NOUN2-í (-í modifies the whole phrase "NOUN1 NOUN2") and NOUN1 an2 NOUN2-í (-í modifies NOUN2).

Descriptively, only the first construction is used.

Pronouns

Independent pronouns:

  • rúr: I
  • qéiq: thou
  • áix: he
  • áig: she
  • ár: sg they
  • annsan: this
  • annan: that, it
  • léil: we (exc)
  • dhéidh: we (inc)
  • bhéibh: ye
  • annana: they

Possessive suffixes

Noun possession suffixes are similar to preposition inflection (as in Hebrew). They are added to construct forms.

pairín, pairín 'house(s)': pairíniúr, pairíniq, pairínear, pairíneannsa, pairíneann, pairínil, pairínidh, pairínibh, pairíneanna

gurbán, gurbáin 'cat': gurbáiniúr, gurbáiniq, ...

If the construct form is a monosyllabic open syllable, -th- is added before the suffix:

dó, dá 'city': dáthúr, dáthaiq, dáthar, dáthannsa, dáthann, dáthail, dáthaidh, dáthaibh, dáthanna

Emphatic pronoun suffixes are reduplicated forms similar to independent pronouns:

  • pairínearúr, pairíniqéiq, pairíneár, pairíneannsan, pairíneannan, pairíniléil, pairínidhéidh, pairínibhéibh, pairíneannana

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with nouns in mutation, and they always take an/na (because Hebrew)?

An Bhlaoighne has no morphological comparatives or superlatives. eothar 'more', eo 'as much', eothamh 'most' and ho, fa, af 'than (lit. from)' are used.

Relative clauses

do

Demonstratives

  • ann an bpairín = that house
  • anns an bpairín/ann an bpairínse = this house
    • the choice of -se or -sa is determined by "bwb sws": ann an beathrasa 'this man'
  • ann = that
  • annsa = this

Tense particles

The past tense uses a finite verb form.

  • present progressive: ceis, cean (with the article)
  • future: liobh, lian (with the article)
  • originally aorist ("timeless"), now present habitual: fo, fon
  • Fon cealim go bhfóine. /fon kealim go bʰfo:jne/ 'The table is white'
  • Cean beathra go gxeathair. /kean beatʰra go ŋ|eatʰajr/ 'The man is walking'
  • Cean bheathra go mblaoighne. /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰne/ 'A man is speaking'

(go+prenasalization literally means 'in')

Prepositions

  • 'in': go (+E) + an = ni, go + na = in
  • 'at': bho (+mut), ra, ar
  • 'on': i (+L), i + an = ma, i + na = am
  • 'with (com)': ro (+ no mut) + an = ca, ro + na = ac
  • 'to': eis (+no mut) + an = sa, eis + na = as
  • 'like': qe (+no mut) + an = xa, qe + na = ax
  • 'from': ho (+E), fa, af
  • 'with (inst), by': no, ba, ab
  • 'through': blí
  • 'without': trí

Inflected prepositions

I, you, he/she, this, that, we.ex, we.in, you, they

niúr, néiq, near, neannsa, neann, néil, néidh, néibh, neanna

cúr, cóiq, cór, cónnsa, cónn, cóil, cóidh, cóibh, cónna

qiúr, qéiq, qear, qeannsa, qeann, qéil, qéidh, qéibh, qeanna

Tense particles also inflect:

ceis: c(eis)iúr, ceisiq/cíq, c(eis)ear, c(eis)eannsa, c(eis)eann, ceisil/cíl, ceisidh/cídh, c(eis)ibh/cíbh, c(eis)eanna

éadh: é(adh)úr, éiq, éar, éannsa, éann, éil, éidh, éibh, éanna

liobh: liúr, líq, liar, liannsa, liann, líl, lídh, líbh, lianna

fo: fúr, fóiq, fór, fónnsa, fónn, fóil, fóidh, fóibh, fónna

Adverbs

Adverbs are marked with the ending -ach.

Verbs

An Bhlaoighne verbs have only 2 principal parts: the imperative and the verbal noun. Dictionaries cite the verbal noun in the form that follows the definite article an. All verbal nouns are 3rd declension feminine.

An example dictionary entry: "pól, an phólanna = to fall"

xe+L for pluractionality, combines with go to form qo+L

Fon lachnamh go dhsianna 'the worker builds' (unmarked for pluractionality, but often means the building happens once or to one thing)

Fon lachnamh qo shianna (the worker builds often/many things)

The citation form is the imperative:

  • Sia! 'Build (thou) it!'
    • The plural is formed with -ibh: Siaibh! 'Build (ye)!' This is lost in Dheofáid.
  • Xe shia! 'Build (thou) them!'
  • Aoigh! 'Run (thou)!'
  • Xe h-aoighibh! (proscribed but common: Xe h-aoigh!) 'Run, you people!'

The preterite tense, which uses ergative and VOS syntax, is formed with cho + N + imperative or xeach + N + imperative:

  • Cho dhsia ab lachnamh (The workers built something)
  • Xeach dhsia ab lachnamh (The workers built many things)
  • Cho dhsia an bpairín ab lachnamh (The workers built the house)
  • Cho dhsiann ab lachnamh (The workers built it)
  • Prescriptively: Xeach dhsianna ab lachnamh (The workers built them) vs Xeach dhsiann ab lachnamh (The workers built the same thing over and over). However, people usually say the latter for both senses.

Translating "be"

Derivational morphology

  • -dhár: relating to, full of
    • ceifheardhár = loving
  • -aid: VM
  • -áid: VN for verbs ending in -adh
  • -anna, -na/ne, -air, -aid: verbal noun suffixes
  • -amh: agentive
  • -ín: places ("slenderizes" the last consonant except -ch)
  • -í: adjective
  • -t(h)(e)ar: places? (from Naeng)

Syntax

An Bhlaoighne is strictly head-initial.

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Dependent clauses

Conjunctions, "infinitive clauses"

Fronting

Focusing

Numerals

Ordinals are formed by affixing the circumfix ro-[root]-ín. (ro- does not mutate). This construction literally means "of the nth place" using the place suffix -ín.

Numerals always come before, and lenite, the noun they modify.

  • 0 = dírabh /di:rabʰ/ (ordinal: ro-díraibhín)
  • 1 = óis /o:js/ (ordinal: róisín)
  • 2 = réix /re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ro-réixín)
  • 3 = daobhe /daobʰe/, daobh (ordinal: ro-daoibhín)
  • 4 = fuín /fwi:n/ (ordinal: ro-fuínín)
  • 5 = seamh /seamʰ/ (ordinal: ro-seimhín)
  • 6 = taca /taka/ (ordinal: ro-taicín)
  • 7 = óista n-óis /o:jsta no:js/ (ordinal: róistanóisín)
  • 8 = óista réix /o:jsta re:jɬ/ (ordinal: róistaréixín)
  • 9 = óista ndaobh /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/
  • 10 = óista bhfuín /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/; beall
  • 11 = óista dhseamh /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/
  • 12 = réixta /re:jɬta/
  • 18 = daobheta /daobʰeta/ or daobhta /daobʰta/
  • 24 = fuínta /fwi:nta/
  • 30 = seamhta /seamʰta/
  • 36 = gról /gro:l/
  • 37 = gról óis /gro:l o:js/
  • 38 = gról réix /gro:l re:jɬ/

...

  • 72 = réix gról

...

  • 1295 = seamhta dhseamh gról seamhta dhseamh
  • 1296 = qaoiche /tɬaojkʰe/

Example texts

Modern An Bhlaoighne

Modern An Bhlaoighne, or An Bhlaoighne do Dheofáid (pronounced /fl̤ːn θɪvʊid̪/, or /fl̤ːnvʊid̪/ in rapid speech) is the most popular in-universe conlang in Future Crackfic Tricin and has more native speakers in Cualand than many natlangs. Its pronunciation is much simpler and more eroded but its orthography is pretty much the same as An Bhlaoighne, which makes for some really bloated spellings, and even whole words can be silent, like "na" which serves as a noun marker in written Dheofáid.

An Dheofáid uses a version of Square Word Calligraphy.

An Dheofáid has no noun genders or declensions; the definite plural is the only form of a noun that survives (except in the occasional instance where the definite singular becomes a singulative).

Diachronics

Full on e/i and o/u mergers, including ei->í, ea->ia, aoi->aui etc. followed by Khmerization? Dheofáid needs as much orthographic vowel craziness as English or Khmer

Phonology

Initially all 4 stop series of An Bhlaoighne remain distinct: t th d dh become /t̪⁼ t̪ʰ ð θ/. However, posttonic t and d both become /d̪/, and posttonic th and dh both become /ð/ (-ch and -gh become /x/ and -gh sometimes -j or -w)

Early Dheofáid has suprasegmental breathy voice deriving from post-tonic breathy voiced consonants bh dh fh gh mh sh: rámhann 'its homology' becomes /r̤̤m̤n/ but rámann 'its porch' becomes /raɨmən/. Breathy voice conditions a vowel split in later Dheofáid, as in Old Khmer to Modern Khmer. The phonology is otherwise not too different from Brythonic Celtic languages. There are lots of vowel/diphthong mergers though some An Bhlaoighne monophthongs turned into diphthongs like í /ei/.

Silent gh

Dheofáid has vowel coloring from former gh - íogh sounds like /iw/.

Consonant mergers and splits

q and x get merged completely into Welsh ll

c, g and ch undergo a broad/slender split: cealim sounds like /tʃələm/

Orthography

Grammar

Dheofáid has part of speech markers like Esperanto, but they're standalone words and are silent. Some of these part of speech markers are

  • na for nouns
    • an for proper, singulative and mass nouns
  • do for adjectives and subordinate clauses -- it was originally a relative clause marker

Number is not marked morphologically in Dheofáid. However, pluractionality is mamdatory.

Sociolinguistics

Speakers of Dheofáid think An Bhlaoighne is pronounced like it.

Other resources