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² Voiceless stops and affricates are voiced before voiced consonants except /v/.
² Voiceless stops and affricates are voiced before voiced consonants except /v/.


³ Voiceless fricatives are voiced when they occur between voiced sounds (including vowels). To remain unvoiced in such environments, they can be written doubled.
³ Voiceless fricatives are voiced when they occur between voiced sounds (including vowels). To remain unvoiced in such environments, they can be written doubled. Such doubling is maintained in a word's stem even when it occurs word-finally.


⁴ Free variation (depending on speaker and dialect).
⁴ Free variation (depending on speaker and dialect).
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The environments where ''-g-'' appears are:
The environments where ''-g-'' appears are:
*Strong verbs: In the past participle and the plural forms of the past tense.
*Strong verbs: In the past participle and the plural forms of the past tense.
*Preterite-present verbs: In the infinitive, present participle, imperative, and the plural forms of the present tense.
*Preterite-present verbs: In the <!--infinitive, -->present participle, imperative, and the plural forms of the present tense.


In this article, disappearing ''-g-'' is represented as {g}.
In this article, disappearing ''-g-'' is represented as {g}.
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! rowspan="2"| Singular
! rowspan="2"| Singular
! nom./acc.
! nom./acc.
| þeš
| þess
| þešă
| þessă
| þet
| þet
|-
|-
! gen./dat.
! gen./dat.
| þeš
| þess
| þeši
| þešši
| þešu
| þessu
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
! nom./acc.
| þešir
| þeššir
| þešăr
| þessăr
| þeš
| þess
|-
|-
! gen./dat.
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| þešum
| colspan="3"| þessum
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| srir, sror, sru (sri)
| þřir, þřor, þřu (þři)
| sriză
| þřiză
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
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! 6
! 6
| ses
| ses
| sestă
| setă
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
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|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| sripociu
| þřipociu
| sripocindă
| þřipocindă
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
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|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| sriciu
| þřiciu
| sricindă
| þřicindă
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
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! 100
! 100
| hundrăð
| hundrăð
| hundrăstă
| hundrădă
|-
|-
! 101
! 101
| hundrăð ok en
| hundrăð ok en
| hundrăstă ok first
| hundrădă ok first
|-
|-
! 200
! 200
| tvau hundruð
| tvau hundruð
| tvau hundrăstă
| tvau hundrădă
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| þusund
| þusund
| þusunstă
| þusundă
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


¹ All ordinal numbers are weak adjectives except ''first'', which is a strong adjective.
¹ All ordinal numbers are weak adjectives, except ''first'' which can be strong or weak.


² ''En'' (1) is declined as a strong adjective. ''tvir'' (2) is declined as the plural third person pronoun (''þir''). ''fjorir'' (4) is declined as a plural strong adjective. ''srir'' (3) is declined irregularly:
² ''En'' (1) is declined as a strong adjective. ''Tvir'' (2) is declined as the plural third person pronoun (''þir''). ''Fjořir'' (4) is declined as a plural strong adjective. ''Þřir'' (3) is declined irregularly. These numbers (1-4) also have indeclinable variants.
*The masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative-accusative forms are as given in the table. The genitive-dative for all three genders is ''srim''.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
''Hundrăð'' (100) is declined as a neuter noun. All other numbers are indeclinable. The numbers 1-4 also have indeclinable variants (''en, tvo, sri,'' and ''fjor'' respectively).
|+ Declension of ''en'' "one"
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Singular
! nom./acc.
| en
| enă
| et
|-
! gen./dat.
| ens
| eňi
| ens
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
| eňir
| enăr
| en
|-
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| enum
|-
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable
| colspan="3"| en
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Declension of ''tvir'' "two"
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
| tvir
| tver
| tvau
|-
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| tvem
|-
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable
| colspan="3"| tvo
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Declension of ''þřir'' "three"
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
| þřir
| þřor
| þřu
|-
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| þřim
|-
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable
| colspan="3"| þři
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Declension of ''fjořir'' "four"
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Plural
! nom./acc.
| fjořir
| fjorăr
| fjor
|-
! gen./dat.
| colspan="3"| fjorum
|-
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable
| colspan="3"| fjor
|}
''Hundrăð'' (100) and ''þusund'' (1000) are declined as neuter nouns. All other numbers are indeclinable.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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**Note: The ''-r'' of the feminine plural/genitive-dative is not pronounced before the definite article. For example, ''džavărnăr'' "the gifts (nom./acc.)" is pronounced as if it were written ''*džavănăr''.
**Note: The ''-r'' of the feminine plural/genitive-dative is not pronounced before the definite article. For example, ''džavărnăr'' "the gifts (nom./acc.)" is pronounced as if it were written ''*džavănăr''.
*The final consonant of the noun is palatalized before undropped ''-i-'' of the definite article whenever possible.
*The final consonant of the noun is palatalized before undropped ''-i-'' of the definite article whenever possible.
===Verbs===
====Verb stems====
A verb can have up to 5 stems:
*'''Primary present stem (represented as <Pr>)'''
**Used in the plural present tense and the imperative.
*'''Secondary present stem (represented as <Pr`>)'''
**Used in the present participle and singular present tense.
**Either identical to the primary present stem, or derived from it via i-umlaut.
*'''Primary past stem (represented as <Pa>)'''
**Used in the plural past tense.
**For weak verbs and preterite-present verbs, it is formed from the primary present stem with the ending ''-ð-'' (or one of its allomorphs).
**For strong verbs, it is formed by ablaut. Some strong verbs additionally add the ending ''-r-'' followed by weak verb endings.
*'''Secondary past stem (represented as <Pa`>)'''
**Used in the singular past tense.
**Identical to the primary past stem for the majority of verbs.
*'''Past participle stem (represented as <PP>)'''
**Used in the past participle.
**For weak verbs and preterite-present verbs, it is identical to the past stem.
**For strong verbs, it is formed by ablaut along with the ending ''-in-''.
====Verb classes====
Verbs fall into 3 main categories:
# Strong verbs
# Weak verbs
# Preterite-present verbs
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut variations between the present, past, and past participle stems.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Strong verb declension
! colspan="7" | Non-finite forms
|-
! colspan="3"| Form
! colspan="2"| Active
! colspan="2"| Middle
|-
<!--
! colspan="3" | Infinitive
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(ă)
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(ă)sk
|-
-->
! colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(â)ndă
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(â)ndziskă
|-
! colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="2" | <PP>-({j}i)n
| colspan="2" | <PP>-({j}i)nsk
|-
! colspan="7"| Finite forms
|-
! rowspan="2"| Person/<br /> Number
! colspan="2"| Present
! colspan="2"| Past
! colspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Active
! Middle
! Active
! Middle
! Active
! Middle
|-
! 1S
| <Pr`>-
| rowspan="3"| <Pr`>-sk
| <Pa`>-
| rowspan="3"| <Pa`>-sk
|-
! 2S
| rowspan="2"|<Pr`>-r
| <Pa`>-t
| <Pr>-
| <Pr>-sk
|-
! 3S
| <Pa`>-
|-
! 1P
| <Pr>{u}-(u)m
| <Pr>{u}-(u)msk
| <Pa>{u}-(u)m
| <Pa>{u}-(u)msk
| <Pr>{u}-(u)m
| <Pr>{u}-(u)msk
|-
! 2P
| <Pr>-({j}i)ð
| <Pr>-({j}i)sk
| <Pa>{u}-(u)ð
| <Pa>{u}-(u)sk
| <Pr>-({j}i)ð
| <Pr>-({j}i)sk
|-
! 3P
| <Pr>-(ă)
| <Pr>-(ă)sk
| <Pa>{u}-u
| <Pa>{u}-usk
|-
|}
'''Notes:''' Vowels in brackets are dropped after stems ending in vowels.
====Weak verbs====
====Preterite-present verbs====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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